


^n^Amm-jyrM^. 




t LI BRARY OF COXGRESS. # 



I UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. J 



HUmANITY, ITS FOUNTAIET AND STREAM. PLA'rE I 




ANCIEJSrr EGYPTIAN SCRIBE, Y^« DY^, 

AS PRODUCED 

BY AN EGYPTIAN ARTIST, 

3260 TEAKS BEFORS CBERIST. 



TASEN BT HS. DTB FROM THE ORIGIKAL OF "^HARIETTB'S DISCO VICRIES IN 1864," NOW IN THB 
LOUVRE MUSKUM. PARIS. 



no.UT.P.r<.iti<»rs.T..tK>^r^.St.^i4ir,ruw^rIVcs«lV>nt.-r«.!;'7vVilI.'.jt. .Sf NV 



HUMANITY : 



ITS 



Fountain and Stream 



DEACON DYE 



'V 



ILLUSTRATED BY ONE HUNDRED ENGRAVINGS, 

GIVING ONE TRUE AND CORRECT PORTRAIT, 

TAKEN FROM NATURE, 

OF EACH DISTINCT PEOPLE NOW KNOWN TO THE CIVILIZED WORLD : 

> ^^ AMONG WHICH ARE ALL 

THE REIGNING SOVEREIGNS OF EUROPE, PRESIDENT 
GRANT, AND OTHER RULERS. 



EACH PORTRAIT, AT GREAT EXPENSE, IS CAREFULLY AND CORRECTLY COLORED WITH A 
BRUSH, BY HAND, GIVING THE EXACT COMPLEXION OF EVERY DISTINCT 
PEOPLE IN THEIR NATIVE HOMES. 



< 



NEW YORK : 

PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR, 

648 BROADWAY. 
1870. 






DED IC ATED 



TO THE 



PEOPLE OF THE UNITED STATES, 



BY 



TUB AUTHOR. 



Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1870, in tlie Clerk's Office of the District Court 
of tlie United States for the Southern District of New Yorli. 



Little, Eennie & Co., Stereotypere, 645 and 647 Broadway, New York. 



PREFACE. 



We give in the following pages the results of a quar- 
ter of a century's research and investigation, condensed, 
it is true, but yet exhibiting such a comprehensive view 
of the subject as we trust cannot fail of being interesting, 
instructive, and popular. Not being content with gam- 
bolling along the banks of the expanded stream, we have 
everywhere endeavored to explore up to the fountain 
head. From the facts we have gathered, our conclusions 
differ in many respects from those of others who have 
examined and written on the same subject. 

But, nevertheless, we fearlessly submit them with can- 
dor and confidence to the judgment of the present en- 
lightened and inquiring age ; not forgetting in the mean 
time that others, high in the confidence of their fellow- 
men, have arrived at different conclusions, and entertain 
different views. 

The facts and arguments used to demonstrate the true 
cause of difference between the apparent distinct families 
of mankind being founded on facts, must, we think, stand 
the test of the most rigid investigation. If we have dis- 
covered the key that opens the casket containing the 
secret of the different complexions among men, then the 
Portraits, produced at great exprtnse in the body of the 
work, when stripped of their different complexions, must 
ever remain an unanswerable argument in favor of the 
brotherhood of man. 



4 Preface. 

We might have produced portraits of men of the 
lowest grade of the different types of the human family, 
and contrasted them with the highest order of the same 
type ; and the difference would be actually as great, if not 
greater, than between a highly cultivated African (leaving 
out the complexion and hair) and an Englishman. 

Reader, whatever may be the color of your skin, look 
back with us through the dim ages of the past, and we 
will show you that the Human Family had a common 
origin, spoke but one language, and once occupied within 
the Tropics a common home, and had at that time but 
one complexioit. 

We have also, by arduous research, become thor- 
oughly convinced that the pagan world, long before the 
Jews were a distinct people, had traditions of the crea- 
tion, the flood, and a hope of life beyond the grave. To 
establish these truths, we have given lengthy quotations 
from many of the ancient pagan authors, some of them 
living before the time of Moses. We have gathered facts 
wherever we could find them, and the reader may rely 
on it, that every extract quoted is from the best and 
most reliable ancient authorities. 

We hope by our humble efforts to have been the 
instrument of bringing to light some heretofore undiscov- 
ered facts concerning the early history of man ; facts that 
may in some future age be enlarged, so as to open up to 
the human understanding all that in this life can be 
learned concerning the early history of Adam and his 
posterity. 

Deacon Dye. 



CONTENTS OF PART FIRST. 



The plan adopted by the Creator in construct- 
ing the Animal Kingdom ----- 7 

The German transmutation theory, contrast- 
ed with the Darwin and English defend- 
ers of the same, and both contrasted 
with the Bible doctrine of Special Crea- 
tion 8 

Geological formations of the Earth, with 

" Hymn of the Corals" 13 

The ability of man, contrasted with other ani- 
mals, to endure the change of climates. 
The world is his Country ----- 18 

The original complexion of the first man and 
first woman — shown by analyzing the 
word Adam --21 

The climate and other causes which serve to 
change and produce different complex- 
ions in the human family in existence 
long before man ; also their powers to 
change the appearance of animals - - 22 

Explaining the natural means by which all 
the different complexions of the human 
family are produced, with elaborate quo- 
tations from different eminent authors - 23 

Extract from Norfolk, Va. , Day-Book, about 

blacks turning white ------ 24-5 

Cranium measurement shows no indication 
of race — above one thousand skulls ex- 
amined; also Prof. Huxley's remarks 
about the woolly hair and spur heel of 
the negro -- 26-7 

On the Brain and Language of different races 
of men ; weight ofthe Brain of each. Dr. 
Caldwell, Dr. Tiedman, Dr. Richard, 
T. D. Smith 27-8 

Where and how man differs from all other 

animals 29 

•Scriptural evidence showing that all mankind 
descend from one pair, with rendering 
of proofs relating thereto from the vari- 
ous languages into which the Bible has 
been translated — also opinion of Harvey 
and Hunter concerning the Blood, i. e., 
the life of man ----..--36 

Contents of Part Second. 

Where Civilization had its origin — Age ofthe 
Chinese Empire — The Records of India 
older than Moses — Records of Egypt 
older than either — Philosophical views 
as to how civilization originated - - - 31 

The age of the world according to different 
computation by different authors — Arch- 
bishop Usher, the Protestant author, also 
Catholic and Jewish Bibles — No inspired 
writers ever gave the age of the world - 33 

Traditions of the Flood, gathered from an- 
cient heathen authors, Egyptian, Greek, 
Phoenician, Hindoo, Arabian, African, 
Mexican, and the North and South 
American Indians — Humboldt's opinion 35 

The records of man's early history, kept by 
all the ancient nations — How and by 
whom their libraries were destroyed - 36 

Egypt's great antiquity — A great number 
of historians — Manetho the most reliable 
of all 37 

Napoleon's advent into Egypt, what resulted 
therefrom .---------38 



Different expeditions sent to the shores of the 
Nile : Belzoni, Wilkinson, Birch, Lep- 
sius, and Gliddon, what they achieved 38-40 

The founding of the first Egyptian dynasty 
compared with dates of the flood, as set 
forth by Usher's calculations in the Eng- 
lish Biijle --- 41 

The different languages of the world — num- 
ber of letters in their alphabets - - - 42 

The invention of writing ; the writings of Job 
older than Moses — The Hebrew not the 
language of heaven — It was not the He- 
brew the Saviour spoke when he expired 
on the cross ---------43 

Ancient opinions of some of the great hea- 
then masters concerning God - - - 44 

Opening the door to Egypt's time-honored 

chronicles, by ChampoUion's great work 45 

Extract from Prof. Glidd'on on the invention 
of writing — Spelling the word America, 
by hieroglyphics — Beautiful illustration 
of the ancient language of Egypt - - 47 

Hebrew, Samaritan, Arabic, Greek, and 
Phoenician languages, offspring of the 
ancient Egyptian --------52 

W^onderful and important changes — Egjpt 
sending out colonies in the 15th century 
before Christ, and the great results that 
followed ----------51 

Invention of letters — Rev. D. Lamb's opin- 
ion of the origin of the Hebrew — Plu- 
tarch, Plato, Pliny, Tacitus, Diodorus, 
and ChampoUion's opinions of when 
and by whom writing was invented - 54-5 

Evidence that all languages originated from 

one centre ----------56 

Ham in Egypt — Evidence of the ancient 
Egyptians being the repositaries of the 
language of the Antediluvians - - - 57 

Melchizedek, the only true type of the 

Saviour, a descendant of Ham - - - 58 

Man's original birth-place on the globe — 
Adelung, the great German linguist's 
opinion ---------- 59-60 

Did civilization originate among the Blacks 

of Ethiopia, and come down the Nile ? - 61 

Where the oldest monuments in Egypt are 

found — what were they built for ? - - 62 

First record of Black men in history — Ap- 
pearance of Black men in Egypt — Color 
of the native Ethiopian and Egyptian 
women -----------63 

White and Black races both held in Egypt 

as slaves ----- 65 

Positive evidence of a pure revealed religion 

in Egypt long before Abraham's day - 66 

How much mankind are indebted to Egypt, 
a full and thorough statement— Arts 
that have been lost ------- 67-9 

Description of the once great city of Thebes 

— the wonderful ruins in 1870 - - - 70-76 

Discovery of Astronomy traced to Egypt, 
where it was understood about 800 years 
before any record of it elsewhere - - - 78 

Division of the year into 365 days — also the 
discovery of Chemistry — Early Pha- 
raohnctic works on Anatomy - - - - 79 

Condition of women in ancient Egypt, in 

comparison with those among the Jews 80 



Contents. 



The original belief of one God, distinctly set 
forth in Egypt long before Abraham's 
day --1 82 

Circumcision practised prior to Abraham's 

day. It did not originate with the Jews 83 

Independent of the Jews, what the pagan 
world knew, concerning creation, the 
flood, and life beyond the grave - - - 88 

Important and interesting letter to the author 
from Prof Charles Bryant, who was sent 
out by the United States government to 
examine into the condition of the inhab- 
itants of Alaska ; with interesting re- 
marks about the natives of New Hol- 
land -._.. .90-1 



INDEX TO WOOD ENGRAVINGS. 

The god Amun Kneph at his wheel, mould- 
ing the mortal part of Osiris, the father 
of inen, out of a lump of clay. Also an 
inscription from the temple of Sais, in 
Thebes ----81 

Resurrection of the dead, and judgment after 
death, believed in Egypt 2,500 years 
before the birth of the Saviour. Engrav- 
ing representing the judging of the dead- 
Full explanation given : it was hard to 
enter an Egyptian paradise - - - - 83-86 

Resurrection Flower, with letter from 

M. Huffnagle 89 

Engraving, showing the similarity of con- 
struction between the arms of man and 
legs and wings of other animals - - - 10 

Engraving, explaining Geological Table - - 15 

Engraving, showing the commencement, pro- 
gress, and end of the plan giving man 
the erect position -------- i-j 

Egyptian emblems found in South America 
— Evidences that they had a knowledge 
of America 2,000 years before Columbus 
was born ----...--- 54-5 



INDEX TO PORTRAITS. 

PLATE I. 

Egyptian Scribe of Mariotte's discovery. 

PLATE II. 

1. The Governor of Canton, China. 

2. Native of Tibet, in Asia. 

3. Native of Java, East India. 

4. Marianne Islander, East India. 

5. Native of Barbary. 

6. Native of Mintira Island, Indian Archi- 
pelago. 

PLATE III. 

1. Man of Abyssinia, Africa. 

2. Feeje Girl, of Feeje Islands. 

3. Mahomet II., of Arabia. 

4. Indo-China Man, of Indo-China Peninsula. 

5. Malayan Man, of Eastern Archipelago. 

6. Man of Tana Island, Papuan Archipelago. 

PLATE IV. 

1. Japanese Girl, of Jeddo, Japan. 

2. Woman, native of Vandieman's Land. 

3. Hindoo Man, of Hindostan. 

4. Man, native of Australia. 



5. A Greek, native of Greece. 

6. A Chief, native of New Zealand. 

PLATE V. 

1. Montezuma, King of Mexico, in 15 19, when 
Cortez made the invasion. 

2. Mandan Indian Chief, painted by Catlin. 

3. Black Hawk, Indian Chief of North America. 

4. Mandan Indian Girl, of Mandan Tribe, 
North America, painted by Catlin. 

5. Esquimaux Man, North America, Arctic 
Region. 

6. Esquimaux Woman, North America, Arctic 
Region. 

PLATE VI. 

1. Sitka Indian, of Alaska, North America. 

2. Aleutian Girl, of Alaska, North America. 

3. Charruas Chief, Indian of South America. 

4. A Patagonian Indian, of South America. 

5. Man, native of Feeje Islands. 

6. Man, native of Sandwich Islands. 

PLATE VII. 

1. Pope Pius IX., of States of Church. 

2. Napoleon III., Emperor of France. 

3. Francis Joseph, Emperor of Austria. 

4. Isabella II., former Queen of Spain. 

5. Louis, King of Portugal. 

6. Victor Emanuel, King of Italy. 

PLATE VIII. 

1. Christian IX., King of Denmark. 

2. Alexander II., Emperor of Russia. 

3. Victoria, Queen of England. 

4. Charles, Prince of Roumania. 

5. Charles, King of Sweden and Norway. 

6. Leopold, King of Belgium. 

PLATE IX. 

1. William I., King of Prussia. 

2. John, King of Saxony. 

3. Charles I., King of Wirtemberg. 

4. Abdul-Aziz-Khan, Emperor of Turkey. 

5. George I., King of Greece. 

6. Frederick, Grand Duke of Baden. 

PLATE X. 

1. Louis II., King of Bavaria. 

2. William III., King of Netherlands. 

3. Pedro II., de Alcantara, Emperor of Brazil. 

4. B. Juarez, President of Mexico. 

5. Ulysses S. Grant, President of the U. States. 

6. Sir John Young, Governor General of 
British North America. 

PLATE XI. 

1. Prof Ed. W. Blydon, of Liberia College, 
Monrovia. 

2. Negro Man, native of the Great Desert. 

3. Abbas Gregorius, native of Central Africa. 

4. Man, native of Howssa, interior of Africa. 

5. Man, native of Soudan, Africa. 

6. Toussaint L'Ouverture, the Hero of Saint 
Domingo, W. I. 

PLATE XII. 

1. Man, native of Mozambique, Africa. 

2. Jan Tzatzoe, Kafir of Amakosah tribe, East- 
ern Africa. 

3. Man, native of Angola, Africa. 

4. Female, native of Angola, Africa. 

5. Kosah, Kafir of Eastern Africa. 

6. Stephen A. Benson, President of the Re- 
public of Liberia, 



HUMANITY: 



ITS FOUNTAIN AND STREAM, 



Having long been a student, Man has at last become 
a study. Hope, his natural inheritance, imparted to him 
at birth by his suffering, yet hopeful mother, remains his 
life-long companion. But knowledge he can only acquire 
by patient study and ardent investigation. Let us first, 
then, endeavor to trace the connection between all created 
beings, and discover, if possible, the plan of the Creator 
in relation to Man. It is the noblest work of science, 
through the study of natural laws, to lead the doubtful 
skeptic up to see and appreciate his God. The study 
of the animal kingdom, during the last century, became 
almost perfect by the great French naturalist Cuvier's 
discovery, that it was constructed upon a plan. He 
showed that all animals, however diversified, are built on 
four plans. And all investigation since his day has con- 
firmed the truth of his discovery. These four great divi- 
sions are known under the names of Radiates, Mollusks, 
Articulates, and Vertebrates. The German transmuta- 
tion doctrine assumes that animals are derived from one 
another ; — all Radiates from one primitive Radiate ; all 
Mollusks from one primifive Mollusk ; all Articulates 
from one primitive Articulate ; and all Vertebrates from 
one primitive Vertebrate: and these primitive types are 



8 Humanity : Its Fotmtain and Stream. 

all derived from a primitive cell, which was formed by the 
conditions of the elements brlnoino^ Into life oro^anized 
beings wherever light, moisture, and matter are brought 
into contact. Moleschatt, Vogt, Bitchner, and Czolbe, 
contended for this theory. The paper of the first, on the 
action of light upon matter In organizing beings, stands 
pre-eminent in that school 

Darwin and the English defenders of the transmu- 
tation doctrine, present It In somewhat different light. 
They assume that the first impulse was given by an 
Iiitelligent Power, and from this impulse has resulted, not 
only the first germs of creation, but all that have followed. 
Now the subject to be considered Is, whether the unin- 
telligent transmutation doctrine of the German philoso- 
phers, or the intellectual transmutation theory of Darwin, 
or the Bible doctrine of special creation, is correct. If 
this last Is correct, then is established the fact, that we 
are not the lineal descendants of monkeys, but the chosen 
production of a powerful mind — the children of God, 
made in his resemblance. 

We might go into an examination of the remains of 
animals found in the various geological strata of the earth. 
How that we have some of the lowest forms rising higher 
at the same time, so that we should have, according to 
the transmutation doctrine, beings capable of changing 
themselves, and at the same time remaining as they were ; 
at the same time influences which would produce the 
change, and also prevent the change from going on. This 
is not logical, and a doctrine that has facts against it so 
glaring is not a correct Interpretation of Nature. Man 
did not spring up from the earth, because the earth had 
become what it was. But the earth was prepared for 



Httmanity : Its Foiintain and Stream. 9 

man that he might grow and find an appropriate home 
for his increase and development. 

Ever since the time of Aristotle, animals having a 
backbone, such as quadrupeds, birds, reptiles, and fishes, 
have been called Vertebrates. It required close investi- 
gation, and great knowledge of anatomy, to discover that 
the snake which crawls, the bird which flies, the dog 
which runs, and the fish which swims, were all built on 
the same plan. In viewing the external development of 
the vertebrates, or backboned tribe, we are struck with 
their differences, yet their internal structures are arranged 
the same, and the different parts are combined together in 
the same way. The cov-ering is different ; — the fish may 
have scales, the bird feathers, and the quadruped hair. 
But if you examine the early growth of the feathers in the 
young bird, or scales on the young fish, or hair on the 
young quadruped, you will see scarcety any difference. 
The arm of a man and the limb of any quadruped are 
formed on the same plan. Thus, man's arm consists, 
first, of a triangular bone, called the shoulder-blade, from 
which projects another bone called the collar-bone ; then 
we have the upper-arm bone, which extends to the elbow ; 
then two parallel bones extending from the elbow to the 
wrist ; then five, which form the palm ; then the thumb 
with two joints ; and the fingers with three joints each. Of 
course, the external of these limbs show the extremes. All 
animals have not five fingers ; some have but four, some 
three, others only two. The horse walks on tiptoe, on 
one finger. Among reptiles, instead of three joints of the 
finger, there are a larger number ; and instead of five, 
there are six fingers. Occasionally a human being has 
been born with six fingers and six toes. Among animals 



lo Humanity: Its Fountain and Stream. 



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Arm of a Man. 

Completion of the original design. 
Arm of a Gorilla. 



Leg of a Dog. 



Leg of a Sheep. 



Wing of a Bat. 



Leg of a Mole. 



Wing of a Bird, 



Paddle of a Whale. 



Paddle of a Seal. 



Leg of a Turtle. 



Fin of a Fish. 



Vertibrate, or Part of a Backbone. 



Hu7nanity : Its Fountain and Stream. 1 1 

this is frequent. In fish they go on increasing from six 
to twenty. So all these small bones are only so many 
fingers each, divided into a great number of joints. But 
after all, it is only the spreading hand in which all the 
joints are united in a web. If we advance a step beyond, 
we find the four bones corresponding to the wrist ; then 
two broad bones which correspond to the fore-arm ; then 
a very short upper-arm bone ; then, close to the shoulder, 
a collar-bone and shoulder-blade, exactly as in man. So 
the correspondence is complete. (See Plate, p. lo.) The 
vertebrate tribes number in all about twenty-one thou- 
sand : fish, ten thousand ; reptiles, two thousand ; birds, 
seven thousand ; mammals, two thousand. 

Articulates embrace all the host of insects : Butterflies, 
Beetles, Bugs, Flies, and all the great variety of winged 
animals with six legs. This division also includes Crabs, 
Lobsters, everything having a large number of locomotive 
appendages, even down to worms. They all have rings 
on the surface of the body, moveable one upon the other, 
and jomted legs projecting from the sides of these nngs ; 
and thus their relation is made plam by a few general 
features. These number about three hundred thousand. 

Then we have Mollusks, which include those soft- 
bodied animals, like Oysters, Clams, Snails, and Slugs. 
The bodies of all these are capable of great expansion 
and contraction, and are generally covered with a shelly 
envelope. Numbering about twenty thousand. 

Last, the Radiates, numbering about ten thousand. 
This plan embraces the Star-fishes, Sea-urchins, Jelly- 
fishes, Corals, and animals of that character. They are 
built on a plan totally different and distinct to the other 
three, and show a powerful and comprehensive mind 



1 2 Humanity : Its Fowitaiii and Sti'eain. 

expressing through a multitude of forms, and varying the 
forms in a multitude of ways, so as to express the same 
thought. When we consider the whole animal kingdom, 
consisting of hundreds of thousands of different kinds of 
beings constituted only on four plans, and how these 
plans must necessarily be expressed in thousands of 
different ways, we are not surprised at the labor it cost 
man to discover them. But there is no livinor creature 
on the face of the earth, but can easily be traced to one 
of these four plans. I think facts will warrant the 
assertion, that each of these plans shows development 
as well as variation. The Vertebrates plan, all natural- 
ists agree, commences with Fishes, of which species the 
Lamper Eel is the lowest type, and the Shark and 
Skate the highest. 

We now come to examine the Reptiles. We place 
the Salamander the lowest, and Tortoises the highest. 
Then come the Birds, the lowest of which are those 
hardly able to fly, such as the Penguin, and the Eagle 
the highest. 

First, then, we have Fishes ; second. Reptiles ; third, 
Birds ; and last. Mammals. The lowest of this class are 
the Whales ; they are not properly fish, — having lungs, 
a double circulation, and warm blood ; it brings forth 
living young, and nurses them with milk, like quadrupeds ; 
they belong to the same class of animals to which man 
belongs, only they are the lowest. 

We have made these extended remarks on the animal 
kingdom in order to explain how the Almighty had a 
plan, and that Man was not an after consideration, but 
occupied the highest position in His purposes and plans. 
To prove this fact we must consult the science of Geology. 



Humanity : Its Fountain and Stream. 



13 



These beautiful lines, composed on the early formation 
of animal life on our globe, are descriptive and instructive. 



HYMN OF THE CORALS. 



"Beneath the realm which the waves o'erwhelm, 

In the seas of the torrid zone, 
Our ancient race have a dwelhng-place, 

In a world that is all our own. 

Earth boasts no spots like the fairy grots 

Where we build our sparry cell; 
Nor can its bowers produce such flow-ers 

As in depths of ocean dwell. 

And our forms so strange we ever change. 

As over the deep we roam ; 
And our varied hue is ever new, 

As we vary our ocean home. 

In tranquil calms, we wave like palms. 

Or bend like the drooping willow : 
Or we climb to the verge of the foaming surge, 

And dash to the winds its billow. 

In peaceful haunts, like tender plants. 

We twine our fragile forms ; 
Or we build a rock to the tempest's shock. 

That mocks its fiercest storms. 

And we rear the walls of those marble halls 
As a precipice high and steep, 



Till a new-found isle is seen to smile 
Like a beacon o'er the deep. 

B)' viewless hands those new-born lands 

Are strewn with blessings rife ; 
Till man appears, and claims the spheres 

To being raised and life. 

And we join the piles of those fossil isles 
Till they spread from shore to shore ; 

And we build from the caves of the ocean w-aves 
A world unknown before. 

Then say, proud man, how poor the plan 
Of thy pyramids, castles, and towers ; 

How vain the boasts of thy mightiest hosts, 
Or their labors, — compared with ours ! 

Though such our lot, yet we are — what, 

In the scale of being vast ? — 
The meanest germs of life's poor worms, — 

The lowest and the last ! 

Yet, though obscure, and low, and poor. 

And lost in distance dim, 
We still can raise our Maker's praise, 

And pour our thanks to him." 



Now, the lowest of those geological systems or beds 
that contain no animal remains, is called Azoic. Upon 
them are deposited the first formation that contains animal 
remains, which is known in the system as Taconic, then 
Carntrain, then Silurian ; then comes Devonian ; then 
the Carboniferous, the Permian, the Triassic, the Ju- 
rassic, the Cretaceous, the Eocene, Miocene, and Plio- 
cene ; and last, the present Alluvium, in which deposits 
are still going on. Now, these different sets of beds all 
mark epochs (with their peculiar animal and vegetable 
remains) in the history of our globe. The igneous and 



1 4 Httmanity : Its Potmtain and Stream. 

primary rocks in our country constitute mainly the hills 
of New England ; and the mountain group, in the 
northern part of New York, also the Blue Ridge and 
its collateral elevations, extending southwest through 
the Atlantic States. The transition and secondary rocks, 
especially the former, constitute the greater portion of 
the interior of the United States west of New Enor- 
land. The tertiary deposits constitute a large portion 
of the shores and low country of the States south of New 
England and bordering on the Gulf of Mexico. The 
alluvial deposits are found in the Western States. On 
the lowest layer on which animal remains have been 
found we discover Radiates, MoUusks, and Articulates. 
Although no Mammals, Birds, or Reptiles are found, yet 
Fishes, the last type of the Vertebrates, are represented, 
showing the early purposes of the Creator in relation to 
man, whose final appearance on the globe, as the last 
created being, was the crowning glory of creation. 

The plan of man's organization we find began with 
the fish. The brain in the fish is only a slight swelhng, 
scarcely raised above the spinal marrow, which extends 
through the whole backbone, and the posterior division 
of the brain is the highest. In the reptile the brain is 
slightly raised above the level of the spine, which permits 
the Tortoise, Lizard, and Snake to raise their heads. In 
birds, the anterior portion of the brain is the largest, and 
the posterior the smallest, with slanting position of the 
spine. In quadrupeds we have still further progress, 
until we come to man. Here we find the brain so 
organized that the anterior portion covers and protects 
all the rest so completely that nothing is seen outside ; 
and the brain stands vertically poised on the backbone. 



RADIATES. 



MOLLUSKS. 



ARTICULATES. VERTEBRATES. 



Present. 



Pliocene. 



Miocene. 



Eocene. 



Cretaceous. 



Jurassic. 



Triassic. 



Permian. 



Carbonifer- 
ous. 



Devonian. 



Silurian. 



Cambrian. 



Taconic. 



Vegetable Soil. 

Beds of Gravel 
and Sand. 

Diluvium with 
Boulders. 



Millstone. 
Sandstones. 



Gypsum. 

Coarse Lime- 
stone. 






Chalk Beds. 

Oolitic Group 
and Lias. 



Shell Limestone 



Magnesian 
Limestone. 



New Red 
Sandstone. 



Coal Beds. 



J^^3^3dia 





Coal mixed 

with 
Sandstone. 



Mountain 
Limestone. 

Old Red Sand- 
stone. 



Grauwacke 
Sandy Slate. 




INSECTS 



Inferior stratifi 
ed Rocks, Mica 
Slate, Gneiss, 
Unstratified 
Rocks, Granite. 




\'^. 






MAN 



MAMMALS 



MARSUPIALS 



BIRDS 



REETILES 



FISH 



Polyps. Acalephs. 
Echinoderms. 



Acephala, Cephalopoda, Gasteropoda. 
Worms. Crustacea. 



1 6 Humanity : Its Fou7itain and Streain. 

Beyond this there is no further progress, showing that 
man has reached the highest development of the plan 
upon which his structure was laid. We can trace prog- 
iress in another aspect. The fish swims horizontally ; his 
head does not rise above the rest of his body, and there 
lis no contraction behind to make the neck. The reptile 
has a slight contraction behind the head, and you can tell 
i where the body ends and the neck begins ; yet he has no 
limbs to raise his body, and uses his backbone as a pro- 
pelling power. The Lizard, where rudimentary legs 
appear, is sometimes capable of raising the body slightly. 
Then we come to the bird, whose tendency is to an 
upright position. The bird stands on its hind limbs ; 
yet it has not entirely reached that position ; and it 
requires one step more by which one pair of limbs alone 
are made to perfonn the fimctioi^ of locomotion, while 
the other pair beco77ie subservient to the mind. Thus 
the hand of man is no longer a paw, or organ of locomo- 
tion, but with it he expresses his deepest feelings, by 
grasping his fellow-being in cordial recognition : while his 
brain is not only forward in the way of progress in intel- 
lectual culture, but upward in the direction of all moral 
excellence, he can raise his brow to heaven and contem- 
plate his Maker. His brain compares with those of the 
lesser creations ; and it was demonstrated that although the 
whale's and the elephant's were seemingly larger, and with 
extraneous matter were heavier, yet, when the real brain 
of the elephant, for example, was compared with that of 
a full-grown man, it was not really so heavy, in the pro- 
portion of size of body. His heart beats on an average 
sixty to seventy times a minute. Every beat sends for- 
ward two ounces of the fluid. It rushes at the rate of 



Humanity : Its Fountain and Stream. 



17 




1 8 Humanity : Its Fountain and Stream. 

one hundred and fifty feet in a minute, and the whole 
blood passes through the lungs every two minutes and a 
half, or twenty times in an hour. 

Thus Man stands at the head of the mundane crea- 
tion, differing from all other creatures, and master of all. 
The entire animal and vegetable kingdoms have their 
geographical homes or limits, to go beyond which is 
death. But how different is Man ! He is a cosmopolite, 
and can live amidst polar snows, with nine months dark- 
ness, or at the Equator beneath scorching suns, or equal 
days and nights. Dutchmen and Russians have lived 
for years at seventy-eight degrees north latitude. And 
English and American explorers, Franklin, Kane, and 
Hall, have approached the eightieth degree, and the cold 
so intense as to freeze whiskey as hard as granite ; the 
thermometer standing at seventy-eight below zero. At 
the commencement of October, the Musk Ox and Rein- 
deer leave for the south ; and as the sun sinks below the 
horizon, the great Polar Bear, who appears to have been 
created for this clime, lifts aloft his arctic head, snuffs the 
bitter cold, and retreats to his snowy den. Amid this 
dreadful weather the Esquimaux Indian can go to the 
chase. Man can endure a corresponding degree of heat. 
All America is inhabited to Tierra del Fuego. On the 
deserts of Orinoco, in the Republic of Venezuela, South 
America, the thermometer stands all day at one hundred 
and twenty degrees, yet that region contains a population 
of one hundred and ninety thousand souls. 

In sustaining atmospheric pressure, man has great 
power. At twelve thousand feet above the level of 
the sea, the pressure on the outer surface of the body 
is shown by the barometer to be twenty-one thousand 



HUMAlSnTY, ITS FOUNTAIN AND STRISAIII. pl.^te n 




^ China. 

LAOTT, Oov. 0«neral of CsntOD, 1885.— This Is an excellent picture of th» 
ruling class of China. Crorler, the historian, dates the commencement of 
the Chinese empire 2958 years B. C- It Is now divided Into 18 provlnceB, 6 
ma,rltlme and 13 inland, covering an area of 5,300,000 square miles, and 
having a population of about 400,000,000. Form of government, despotic, 
under an Emperor. It Is administered hy Mandarins, all of whom he se- 
lecta from the llterarv class. Religion: The literary men are generally 
phUoeophical Atheists, the uneducated follow Buddhism. Printin^f, Gun- 
po«r<ler, and the Marincr^a Compass wore first known to the Chinese. The 
j^reat wall, built to prevent the frontier fVom invasion by the Tartars, 217 
years b. 0., le 1,500 miles long, 20 feet In height, 55 feet thick at the bottom 
and 15 AcroBB the top. It Is fortified, and garrisoned by a gate and tower 
every 300 feet. It yet remains as one of the most stupendous monuments 
of bainan induatrr extant 



ava. 

A NATIVE OF JAVA of high rank. Taken Trom Raffles' History of Java . 
London edition. One of the Mnlaysian or East India islands. The 
natives are under a Suzerain or Kmi>eror, and a Sultan. Tlie Dutch occm- 
py the portion of the North coast. The South coast is valuable from Its 
edible blrds-neste. They are mostly found In the limestone caverns, and 
are composed of a glatlnoas substance supposed to be masticated food- 
Large amounta of this peculiar substance are exported to China, where It 
U considered a chulce article of fo».tl by the Mantfarins. The Cpas tree, of 
faballBtic notoriety, aL»o grows luxuriautl} here. Its Juice Is deadly pulaon 
to animal life. The tree ^ows from oo to 200 feet high, with a white stem. 
The standard of beauty is very yellow complexion, with black teeth. He- 
llglon, Mobammedaniflm. 






Herber. 



A NATIVE OP BARBARY.— This country lies to the west of Eftypt. 
It is composed of Moroccf*, Algiers, TiiiiiM, und Tripoli, nnd hfts tna 
general uame of Bftrbary. which wiia dertvAd from Bxrbkrs. who held 
puttscHSion of it prerious to tb« Arab conqat^st. The populution of the 
country is composed of Jews, Arabs, and the old Berber stocli. The 
portrait gireu Is a Dative of Algeria, of the old Berber stock. 



NATIVB OF TIBEfr.— The home of the above race is on 
the loftiest plateaa of the globe, situated between Independent 
Tartary on the west, Mongolia on the north, ChiBese Tartary 
on the east, and Hindostan and Burmah on the south, between 
the 30th and 50th decrees latitude North, and 90th and 110th 
lonsitade east (from Ferro). Here all the animals are found 
wUd which man hai tamed : the cow, horse, ass, sheep, goat, 
pig, dog, cat, and even the reindeer. Adelnng, Lawrence, and 
Blumenbach, contend that the garden of Bden was located 
here. 



,C 



^^^ 







Marianne Islands^ JEast India, 



MALE NATIVE.— These Islandn, which wore discovered by UageUan In 
15J1, when he gave them the name of Ladrones, signifying thieves, froi^ 
the thievish pr<'i>ens!tl6» of the people, wore aften^ard called Marianne 
Islands, after Mary Ann of Anelrla, wiloolPhiUp IV. of Spain, who direct- 
ed their Lbtieni There are about 20 in the group, being of volcaolc origin 
aud very feriile. They are under Spanish rule, and iScIaded in tbe goT> 
emmeut of the Philippine Islands. 




Mindoro^ East India. 

MALE Native of this island. -XbU leoneof tbA Philipbln« 
KToup, and liei sonth of MrtnlUa, and iietir Luzon Island, lb the Cbin* 
sea. It la thinly Inhabited aud undei* Spaojih rule. 



^' 



f^ 



Humanity : Its Fountain and Stream. 1 9 

seven hundred and fifty pounds. Let him descend to 
the level of the sea and it is increased to thirty- two thou- 
sand three hundred and twenty-five pounds. Humboldt, 
in 1820, when ascending Chimbofazo, found Indians 
living in wigwams thirteen thousand four hundred and 
thirty-five feet above the level of the sea. He and his 
Indian guide ascended nineteen thousand feet. Even 
this great altitude has been eclipsed by a French aeronaut 
who ascended twenty-two thousand nine hundred feet, 
which proves that man can exist one thousand nine hun- 
dred feet above the highest flight of birds. The highest 
flight of the Condor on the Andes being only twenty-one 
thousand feet. 

All these different degrees may not be equally suitable 
and congenial to man, yet he can endure them, while the 
entire tribe of monkeys, including the Chimpanzee and 
Ourang-outang, are included in the tropics, and can only 
propagate in warm climates. A few of the hardier races 
(such as the Horse, the Ox, the Hog, the common Poul- 
try, the Crow, the house Sparrow, and the Snipe) have 
a wider range as appendages to civilization ; but most of 
them would soon die out without its fostering care. Born 
into the world naked, man is the only animal that can 
clothe itself; and this superior quality renders him master 
of all seasons and climates. From the Equator to the 
Poles he has the proud distinction of claiming the world 
as his country. 

Walking erect, he uses tools, and stores knowledge, 
which none of the lower animals ever do. For his own 
use man even enslaves all of them which have a capacity 
for servitude, and is capable of destroying the most fero- 
cious and dangerous among them. No savages have 



20 Humanity : Its Fountain and Stream. 

ever been found so destitute of ingenuity as not to be 
able to destroy the Elephant, the Lion, the Tiger, and 
Grizzly Bear. 

Man is the only earthly Being that recognizes a Crea- 
tor, and whether refined by civilization, or degraded by 
savage life, he everywhere erects altars, at which, in some 
form or other, he recognizes and worships the supposed 
author of his existence. 

We have shown that Providence adopted the plan 
on which Man was constructed, untold ages before any 
geological evidence of his existence appears on the earth. 

The next great question in the progress of our sub- 
ject, is : " Are the different colored Races of the world, 
White, Red, and Black, offsprings of one original pair ? 
or did each color have a separate and distinct origin ? 
Agassiz divides the earth into eight geological realms, 
and insists that each of these realms produced its own 
original flora and fauna, including man, who he claims 
was originally created in each realm, not in pairs but in 
multitudes. 

In looking abroad over the earth we see the human 
family divided into different nationalities, speaking differ- 
ent languages, and embracing different forms of religion. 
To the unreflecting mind all these peculiarities are evi- 
dences of different origin. It readily concludes that the 
Circassian, Mongolian, Malay, and Negro cannot all be 
the posterity of Adam. But in scientific investigation 
we must not jump at conclusions ; and since we have 
discovered in the skeleton of a fish the original prototype 
of man, may we not, by a little patient investigation in 
examining the laws of nature, arrive at correct conclusions 
about the plan which was adopted in intruducing man 



HUIHANITY, ITS FOUNTAIN^ AND STREAM. pj^vTi: m 





JElast Africa. 



MAM OF ABT8SINIA-— Ferbaps this likeness resembles the uident 
E^yptiui race more than any people now living. For Ethiopian d«- 
•emdaiiti In Abyssinia see plate XL, No. 3. 



Fejee Islands, 

A FEJEE GIKL. 



,a^''. 




>0 

Arabia. 

MOHAMMED IL— Bom 1«0; commenced his reign 1451, after • 
meoessfal military life, wherein he conquered nearly all the nations of 
the East, and acquired Constantinople. Died 1431. 








Eastern Archipelago. 

MALAY MAN, a native of Borneo, one of the Sunda Islands, next to 
Anstralia. — This is the largest Island in the world. The Malaysian 
eroup extends loniiitude 40 degreen, close to the Equator, and latitude 
W degrees, or 2,700 miles from East to West, and 2,100 miles from 
North to Honth. This picturesiiue blending of land and water covers 
an area of 5,500,000 square miles. The exact number of the Islands is 
.vet unknofl^t. They are called by tho natives Gardenn of the Sun. Tha 
Orv.og Outang, a specie uf mHn.lIke ape, is a native of Borneo and 
Sumatra, and is con£oed to certain localities on each, while the 
Chimpanxee, the other s^cic of man-like ape, has a wld«r range, and 
is found in Western A vica all the way from Sierra Leone to Congo. 
Population of Malaysia, 16,000,000 ; of Borneo, 3,000,000. The Malay 
1« more extensively distributed over the globe than any other distinct 
type of man. 



India. 

(Betond ihk Ganges.) 
INDO CHINAMAN, ofthe .Southeastern peninsular of Asia: country 
known as Indo China l*eninsular. except what belong to Great Britain. 
AU the states in this peninsular are tributary to the Chinese empire. 




Papua. 



MAN NATIVE OF NEW GUINEA.— This Island Is 1900 miles long, 
and will average 30(1 miles in width. It lies Immediately south of the 
Equator, and north of Australia. The natives are generally termed 
Oceanic Negroes, and their hair grows in separate tufts on the head. 
Tanna Papua Is the Milay name, meaning jCtmd of the mnptdhaired. 
It is here the gorgeous birds of Paradise have their bre. ling-grounds, 
which they periodically leave for the Spice and Nutmeg Islands in the 
dowering season, where they get so overpowered, actually Intoxicated 
by the odor, that they are easily captured. 



Humanity : Its Fountain and Stream. 2 1 

into the world, which for millions of years had been pre- 
paring for his reception. 

The color of the race, as the first pair came from the 
hands of the Creator, was neither White nor Black. 
Neither the Circassian or Negro can boast of wearing 
the original color of primeval man. The Bible, Science, 
Reason, all History and Tradition, go to prove this 
position true. 

The best Hebrew scholars in the highest modern 
schools on the continent of Europe, all agree that the 
word Adam, when analyzed, shows two separate words, 
A and DAM, or A-DAM. Now A, aleph, is the 
primeval Semitic masculine article the, an article that in 
Scripture is prefixed to above forty masculine substan- 
tives ; although, until recently, the fact was unperceived 
by Hebrew grammarians or Jewish Lexicographers. In 
the next place, the word Dam is Arabic, meaning blood, 
the color of which is red ; consequently A, the letter 
aleph, being the masculine article the, and the noun Dain 
(blood), which duplex substantive, applied to man, nat- 
urally signifies the Red Man. And this the writer of 
Genesis (by applying the name Adam) asserts was the 
color of the first human being. Webster's definition of 
Adamic earth is Red Clay, " because," says he, " Adam 
means Red Earth." Add to this the great statistical fact 
that nearly two-thirds of the present inhabitants of the 
globe are of similar complexion, showing it is the most 
extensive and therefore the most natural color of the 
human race. 

Having established that red was the primeval, and even 
at this day the most prevalent color of the human family, 
let us now try to discover, if possible, the various causes 



2 2 Humanity : Its Fountain and Stream. 

which combined in nature to produce the White and 
Black Races. We believe we have struck the key-note 
which satisfactorily accounts for the different complexions. 
The transit of the aboriginal color of man to the black 
type, is not so great as it would be from white to black. 
Neither is the transit from red to white so great as from 
black to white. Through different degrees of climate, 
the Almighty created a series of external causes which 
existed long anterior to man, and were formed by Him 
with a perfect foreknowledge of their power to change 
man s complexion. If we admit God created causes 
which in their own good time produce varieties, it would 
be impious to suppose him so silly as to anticipate the 
action of fixed laws by a new creation of white and black 
races : thus superseding his original designs. Man pre- 
sents no greater varieties than do animals which are 
known to be of one origin. The horses, says M. Roulin, 
transported to South America, have formed a race with 
fur instead of hair ; and have changed to a uniform bay 
color. Of two colts, says Carpenter, of the same race, 
born in Lorraine and transported, one to Flanders, and 
the other to Normandy, after three years the one will be a 
light elegant carriage horse, while the other will be fit 
only for the heaviest work, and almost incapable of a trot. 
And among birds, St. Hilaire remarks, the Bullfinch 
changes to black when fed on exciting food, such as 
hemp-seed. The mewing of the cat and barking of the 
dog are acquired by domestication ; and both become 
lost in their wild state. While dogs in North India 
acquire wool instead of hair ; and in Africa they become 
hairless. 

In 1770 and 1799, Fossil remains of the Rhinoteros 



HUMANITY, ITS FOUNTAIKT AND STREAIH. pl^te n 




Japan. 



JAPANESK GIRL, Native of Yeddo.— The Japanese b^oog to the 
^reat Mocal TarUr family, lliey have broad skulls, high chedcboQUi 
and annul, biftck eyes. They arc diWded into eight classes, vis., 

f»rinces. nobles, priests, soldiers, civil officers, merchants, artisans, aao 
aborers. These are kept strict, each person Hlways following the 
business or profession of his futher. The women wear their hair very 
long, tiDd destr<^)y their complexion with paint ; their lips they color 
bine, and when married they pull out their eyebrows and blacken their 
t«eth. In 1S53 Ccimmodore i'erry entered the harbor of Yeddo, and in 
ik^ he concluded a treutv. Yeddo, the principal city, contains a popu- 
lation of 2.(XI0,U00. Total population about dO.UDO.UUO. The government 
is military and ecclesiH^tiovl. both offices hereditary; the first, Knbo, 
residing at Yt»ddo: the second, Mtkadn, residing at Miako. 




.Van Diemen^s Land. 



A TASMANIA WOMAN.—This is a native of the Island long osed 
by the BrittRh government as a place to transport ita conricts. It ties 
100 miles Southeasi of Australia. The Aboriginal population is nearly 
alt extinct. This portrait was procured years age,, and is a correct Uk*- 
ness of what they were. 




JBTindostan. 



HINDOO MAN.— The term Hindoo means "Black," therefore Hin- 
dostan signifies the country of the Bl:icks. But some of the Aboriginal 
Indian people are copper-colored, some Rctu.-JIy pale, and others entire- 
ly black. Populatiun about idU.UUU.UOU uCwbicb J60,0U0,U0U are under 
British rule. This portrait is that of a man of rank. 





Australia. 

A MAN NATIVE OF THIS COUNTRY.— The most pecnUar island 
or continent, in its geological, animal, and vegetable kingdoms, known 
on the t;lobe. In this country everything seems t*»tally reversed. 

For farther description wp refer the reader to Mr. Bryant's letter on 
the last pages of this book, ;juder the title of Nkw Holland. 



Greece. 

MaD of the ancient Grecian type, exhibiting in his veiy 
look and form the esaence of their ancient ejmmetrj and re- 
finement. 




few Zealand. 

KEW ZEALAND CHIEF.— A proup of isliind« in the Sooth PadBe 
Ocean, belonging to Greut Bn'tAin. When Capt. Cook visited their 
•bores, he found no trace of (quadrupeds, except li kind of d^i^, fox. and 
a few rats. The natives are suppotied to have toTrntrl^f been a branch of 
the Malays, and are tall, strong, anu hand!K>niely formed. TfaeCbristiaa 
missionaries have been very Kucces&ful in these islands. Tbo Aborlsl- 
oalfl have uearty all abandoned their ancient customs of canolballsai 
and Infanticide, and embraced Christianity. Tbey practice lattooins, 
ud form pictures over tbelr bodies of remarkable eleicanc*. Total 
yapulatlon about leO.OUO. 



.i 



Humanity: Its Fountain and Stream. 23 

and the Elephant were found in Siberia encased in 
huge masses of ice ; one elephant had tusks ten feet long, 
and differed only from the Asiatic and African species 
by being entirely covered with hair ; and the rhinoceros 
was also covered with thick coarse hair, showing the 
mighty influence of climate in changing the external 
appearance of both. 

The color in dark races of men originates and is con- 
tained in pigment-cells* (not membranes), and the discol- 
orations in ti\e white, such as the areola mammarum of 
woman, the summer freckles and moles, and brown spots 
which occasionally appear on the skin, all depend on the 
presence of cells filled with pigment, similar to those 
which produce the color of the Negro. These pigment- 
cells appear to withdraw from the blood, and elaborate 
in their own cavities, coloring matter of various shades, 
increasing and diminishing so as to form all the different 
hues found among the human family. By examining the 
skin of the Negro anatomically, says Dr. Bachman, we 
find no structure peculiar to it, for the very same cells arc 
found in the fairest of mankind. And each person 
present knows there is such a constant relation between 
climate and the color of the skin, that it is impossible not 
to perceive the connection between them. That part of the 
globe included between the tropics, or closely bordering 
thereto, forms the exclusive seat of native black races. 
While the colder climates are the residence of the fairer 
races, and the intermediate countries are inhabited by 
people of Reddish, or intermediate complexion. The 
tribes who in the infancy of the human race migrated 
from temperate into hot climates, it is easily understood 

* See form of cells, top of Plate, on page 17. 



24 Humanity: Its Fountain and Stream. 

how, through the influence of the sun's rays and heated 
atmosphere, the pigment-cells that contained only a small 
amount of coloring matter by gradual filtration through 
the action of the liver began to fill up, and after countless 
ages of exposure to the tropical sun, the Red man, with- 
out changing his physical organization, turns gradually 
Black, and finally has the power to transmit that com- 
plexion to his posterity. 

In other tribes who, a long time before, had migrated 
into northern regions where the operation of nature's laws 
were altogether different, instead of the pigment-cells 
existing in their bodies receiving an additional amount 
of coloring matter, the cold climate, in a long period 
of time, gradually absorbed and expelled the small 
quantity from the cells inherited from their primeval 
origin ; and, after untold ages, the posterity of the original 
Red man gradually, through the slow but steady action 
of natural causes, changes into White, originating a new 
type with power to transmit a white complexion to their 
posterity. " I believe," says Dr. Draper, " that the color- 
ation of the skin, whatever the particular tint may be, 
tawny, yellow, olive, red, or black, is connected with the 
manner in which the liver is discharging its functions." 

From the Norfolk ( Va. ) Day-Book. 

' ' There are a dozen negroes in this city who are slowly turning white, to say nothing of one 
old fellow who took the start several years ago, and is now completely white. It is curious to 
watch the progress of these physiological phenomena, which, so far as we are informed, are puzzles 
to the most astute physiologists. It takes many years for the change to pass entirely over the 
person, and while it is so passing, the subject presents the most singular, and, in many cases, 
revolting spectacle imaginable. 

"There is one negro man in this city bearing the unmistakable features of the African, whose 
body is white, and M'hose face is black as lamp-black — not one of the usual shade of bacon rind, 
but as black as if he had been painted with a coat of lamp-black. There is a woman whose face 
is piebald, and another who has lately commenced to turn ; in this last case the first indication 



HUMANITir, ITS FOUNTAIN AND STRBAIffi. plate V 




Mexico. 

M0NTESIT3IA, II. Mexican Emperor of that name: wot on the i 
throne in L519. when Cortes made the fnrasion, and receiving a woond i 
while a captive under the Spaniards. Died in 1&20. Likeness takes | 
b^ the anthor from the original painting at Madrid. I 




Nor til jLtiierica. 

MAJJDAN CHIEF.— It was vritb tfcls tribe the celebrated Indian 
blstorliD CatUne spent mach of histime. Tribe now extinct. 




North America. 



BLACK HAWK. Indian chief and coroniander of their forces In their 
war against the United States, in 1833, holding Gen. Atkinson at bay 
with ^0 warriors againet double the number of U. S. troops. 




North AfHerica. 

MANDAN GIKL, as painted fiom life by Mr. CaUine. 




Arctic Region. 

•BSQTTIMAtTX MAN. of Prince Regent Bay, 76 N. Ut.-In the 
region inhabited by tbiis race winters are nine months long. 




Arctic Region. 

ESQUIMAUX WOMAN, of Jacobs Bite.— Tbls tribe lives in 
a region where In winter whiskey flreazes as hard as granite. 



■-ivfeii* 






4.' 



;CS' 



X 



Humanity: Its Fountain and Stj^eam. 25 

of a change in complexion was given by the appearance of a white spot behind one of her ears. 
There is another subject in this city whose face, hands, and arms are white, and whose body is 
black. The change in this case has been very slow, he having commenced to turn when a boy. It 
is a remarkable fact that in most cases of this kind the subjects bear on their physiognomies all the 
features of the full-blooded African. 

"Mr. John Pratt, who resides on a farm near Blackiston's Cross Roads, Kent county, Mary- 
land, has a negro man in his employ, whose skin, from his neck to his waist, is turning white. 
The process has been going on for about three years. He is said to present a very strange 
appearance. " 

If such great change has taken place within two 
hundred and fifty years, the length of time since the first 
cargo of slaves was landed at the mouth of James river, 
Virginia, what might be expected a thousand years hence? 

Dr. Prichard remarks, that the coloring principle is 
evidently of a common nature in the skin and hair. The 
crisped or curly hair of the Negro externally has the 
appearance of wool, but the microscope shows that it 
does not differ in its structure from the hair of the fairer 
races, only in the quantity of pigmentary matter contained 
in its interior. Wool falls off in mass, and leaves the 
animal bare, while hair falls off singly and from time to 
time ; wool is influenced in regard to thickness by the 
season, being thickest in summer and smallest in winter ; 
while hair is of uniform thickness. 

Dr. Prichard truly observes, even if the hair of 
the negro were really wool (which it is not), it would 
not prove him to be of a separate stock, for there are 
breeds of domesticated animals which have wool, while 
others of the same species, under different climatical 
influences, are covered with hair. In fact, all scientific 
investigation is tending to prove, that the coloring prin- 
ciple in the human body is of a common nature, not only 
for the skin and hair, but also for the eyes. What 

greater contrast could there be than between the blonde 

4 



26 Humanity: Its Fountain and Stream. 

Jew of Eastern Germany, and the black Arab of the 
banks of the Jordan, both now known to be of the same 
origin. Or between the brown Jew of Cochin China or 
the Great Desert. Or between the brown Afghans of 
East Afghanistan and the light Afghans of the West, 
with blue eyes and red hair ; between the dark Hindoos 
of the Dekkan, Malabar, and Ceylon, and the blonde 
Hindoos of the Himalaya, the olive and blonde Arabs 
of Armenia and Syria and the brown of Yemen and the 
black of Jordan ? Among Chinese, Siamese, and Japan- 
ese, are frequently seen persons of unmixed native blood, 
says Perthes, who perfectly resemble Europeans in fea- 
tures and complexion. And blue and brown eyes, light 
hair and complexion, are occasionally seen in all races, 
even, says Waiz, among the blacks, and in such remote 
regions that there could be no cause for suspicion of mix- 
ture of blood. 

Science having exhausted all resources in investigating 
the living man, has extended its researches to the narrow 
mansions of the dead. The graves of about every dis- 
tinct people have been desecrated in order to procure 
skulls for scientific investigation. But Prof M. J. Weber 
says the investigation has only gone to show that there 
is no proper mark of a definite race-form of the cranium 
so firmly attached that it may not be found in some other 
race. And Ziedemann has met with Germans whose 
skulls have all the characteristics of the Negro race. And 
Dr. Meigs, after investigating one thousand one hundred 
and twenty-five different human skulls, says there is a 
marked tendency of these forms to graduate into one 
another, more or less insensibly, and none of them can 
be traced as exclusively belonging to any race or tribe. 



Humanity : Its Fountain and Stream, 2 7 

And Prof. Huxley remarks, that cranial measurement 
affords no indication of race. 

"The negro is not the 'missing link' between men and monkeys ; he is further removed from 
anthropoid apes in many respects than the English are. For instance, he has woolly hair, and 
no monkeys are so ornamented, except, perhaps, a few scarce species in South America. The 
spur heel of a negro has been spoken of to his disadvantage ; but it is doubtful whether his heel 
projects more than an Englishman's, and that it is not an indentation of the part above the heel, 
which sometimes gives the appearance of unnatural projection of the latter. Many foolish things 
are said by opponentS*of the negro, who frequently quote as a fact what has often been refuted, 
that the brain of a negro is covered with a black membranous envelope. It is not so. The friends 
of the negro likewise say foolish things, and argue that England would be all the better for an 
infusion of negro blood. He did not believe so. One thing is certain, the negro is improvable, 
because he can now till the ground, smelt iron, and work gold, which he did not do originally. 
How far he is improvable is a question yet to be solved. It must be remembered, however, that 
certainly for five or six thousand years, perhaps more, as proved by Egyptian monuments, the 
negro has lived in Africa much as at present, without in any degree civilizing himself No nation 
can elevate itself by condemning another to slavery, and no nation can do its duty to inferior races, 
or itself attain the highest point of civilization, without trying to raise less favored nations to the 
highest point they are capable of reaching, be it high or be it low. " 

"With regard to the brain. Dr. Cadwell remarks, 'In both the Negro and Caucasian races we 
have the brain, which, except in point of size, is precisely the same in the African as in the Euro- 
pean.' The following are the conclusions of Dr. Tiedeman :* — ist. In size, the brain of a Negro 
is as large as a European. 2d. In regard to the capacity of the cavity, the skull of the Negro in 
general is not smaller than that of the European and other human races ; the opposite opinion is 
ill-founded, and altogether refuted by my researches. 3d. In the form and structure of the well- 
possessed spinal chord, the Negro accords in every way with the European, and shows no differ- 
ence except that arising from the different size of the body. 4th. The cerebellum of the Negro, 
in regard to its outward form, fissures, and lobes, is exactly similar to that of the European. 5th. 
The cerebrum has, for the most part, the same form as that of the European. 6th. The brain, 
in internal structure, is composed of the same substance. 7th. The brain of the Negro is not 
smaller, compared as to size, nor are the nerves thicker. 8th. The analogy of the brain of the 
Negro to the Orang-outang is not greater than that of other races, * except it be in the greater sym- 
metry oi \hQ gyri and sulci; which I very much doubt.' 

"As these features of the brain indicate the degree of intellect and faculties of the mind, we 
must conclude that no innate difference in the intellectual faculties can be admitted to exist 
between the Negro and European races. The opposite conclusion is founded on the very facts 
which have been sufficient to secure the degradation of this race. 'The more interior and natural 
the Negroes are found in Africa, they are superior in character, in arts, in habits, and in manners, 
and possess towns, and literature to some extent. Whatever, therefore,' says Robinson, 'may be 
their tints, their souls are still the same.' 

* On the Brain of the Negro; Philosophical Trans., 1838, p. 498. 



28 Humanity : Its Fountain and Stream. 

"It is the opinion of Dr. Prichard, also, that there is nothing whatever in the organization 
of the brain of the Negro which affords a presumption of inferior endowment, of intellectual or 
moral faculties. This writer has also given the weight of several skulls of nearly the same size, 
from which it would appear that there is little constant difference.* The average weight of the 
brain of a European is about 44 ounces troy weight, Dupuytren's brain weighed 64 ounces : 
Cuvier's, 63 ounces : Abercrombie's, d^ ounces : the brain of the celebrated Dr. Chalmers only 
reached 53 ounces ; he had a large head. 

"Some other peculiarities might be noticed, such as the articulation of the head with the 
spine ; the teeth are all of one length, and arranged in a uniform unbroken series. In the 
Simiae, whose masticatory apparatus most nearly resembles man, the cuspidati are longer, often 
very much longer, than the other teeth, and there are intervals in the series of each jaw to receive 
the cuspidati of the other. 

"The lower jaw of man is distinguished by the prominence of the chin, a necessary conse- 
quence of the inferior incisors being perpendicular ; by its shortness, and by the oblong convexity 
and obliquity of the condyles. This remarkable feature in the face of our species is found in no 
animal. In the Orang-outang it appears as though the part were cut away. 

" There yet remains the grand distinction between all the races of man and other animals — 

" Language ! the miracle of human nature ! The lower animals can indeed communicate 
with each other by sounds and signs, but they cannot speak. The language of man is the product 
of art ; animals derive their sounds from nature. Every human language is derived from imita- 
tion, and is intelligible only to those who either inhabit the country where it is vernacular, or have 
been taught it by a master or by books. Homer and Hesiod distinguished man by the title of 
fjiEpo^', or voice-dividing ; and Aristotle says, * Speech is made to indicate what is expedient and 
what is inexpedient ; and, in consequence of this, what is just and what is unjust. It is therefore 
given to men, because it is peculiar to them that of good and evil, of just and unjust, they only, 
with respect to other animals, possess a sense or feeling. ' The existence of language, therefore, 
says an American writer, f is in itself a proof of the specific character of humanity in all those 
among whom it is found. The distinguishing characteristics of man, and the peculiar eminence 
of his nature and his destiny, as these are universally felt and acknowledged by mankind, are 
usually defined to consist in reason and the faculty of speech. Frederick Von Schlegel has, how- 
ever, suggested that the peculiar pre-eminence of man consists in this, — that to him alone, among 
all other of earth's creatures, the ' word' has been imparted and communicated. ' The word,' he 
continues, ' actually delivered, and really communicated, is not a mere dead faculty, but an his- 
torical reality and occurrence. In the idea of the word considered as the basis of man's dignity 

f ■ 

* Table exhibiting the weight of several skulls, nearly of the same size. 

lbs. oz. lbs. 0%. 

Skull of a Greek l 1 1^ Skull of a Negro, 4, (from Congo) I 11} 

Skull of a Mulatto a 10 Skull of a New Zealander I 10} 

Skull of a Negro, I * o Skull of a Chinese I j\ 

Skull of a Negro, a I 12} Skull of a Gipsy, without lower jaw i 13J 

Skull of a Negro, 3 1 si Skull of a Gipsy, with lower jaw a o 

From the researches of Professor Tiedeman it appears that the average weight of the European brain is from 3 lbs. 
3 oz., Troy weight, to 4 lbs. 

f Unity of the Human Races, by the Rev. T. Smyth, D. D, 



HUMANITY, ITS FOCNTAIBT AND STHEAM. pj^^TE VI 




Alas 



BITKA. INDIAI^.— This tribe lives on the coast. Picture famiehed 
to tb« aafhor b; Charles Bryant, eent by the IT. S. guTemment to 
examine and report on the condition of things in our newly acquired 
territory. 




Alaska, 

ALEUTIAN GIRL, 8 years old.— This tribe resides on « 
group of islands in the tlorth Pacific Ocean. The Otter and 
Pox skins, furnished to traders, is their chief means of sup- 
port. The number of the tribe is about 8,700. The picture 
was ftiraished the author by Mr. Brjant. 

(See letter on another page of this book.) 





South America. 

i!HARRUAS CHIEF.— The men of this tribe were nntamable war- 
riors, averse to a^ricuUnre and the arts of civilization, wandering over 
the arid plains, living under tents of skins or in the forests of Cbaco 
under huts of straw, resisting the Spaniards, and by tbera at last ex- 
terminated. The tribes of the Guararies, Tobayas, and Payaguases, 
now occupy their ancient huuting grounds. 



South America. 

PATAGONIAN MAN.— This people and their country were 
first made known to the civilized world by iflagellan in 1519. 
It lies on both sides of the Andes, and contains about 350,000 
square miles. The East side only is inhabited. The natives 
are excellent horsemen, performing extraordinary feats of 
dexterity on horseback. The males are large and strong, 
and many of them over 6 feet in height. 




Fejee Islands. 

A MALE NATIVE OF THESE ISLANDS.— There are 154 island* 
In the group, 65 of which are inhabited. They lie in the South Pacific i 
Ocean, and form a portion of Melnnasia. These IslaDd,H are remarkably I 
fertile and now under British rule. Infautiuide and ('aunibalism have 
heretofore been extensively piactised by the natives. They are ruled ; 
by ctiiefs, who, in turn, are ruled by the great chief of Ambow, who 
styles himself king of tne Fejeeaus. 




Sandtvich Islands* 



SANDWICH ISLANDER.— Capt. Cook named them sftar the Earl 
of Sandvrich. About etght of the ffroup Hre iohablud and extend aboat 
iOO ralUe in a carved Tine. PouulBtion ubout 150,000. They lie about 
2,000 miles from Mexico. 6,000 from Obiua, aiul 2.700 from the Hociotj 
Islands on the South. Form of govercmeDt, a monarchy, llmitod by a 
let^nlattve Assembly. 



Humanity: Its Fountain and Stream. ^ 29 

and peculiar destination, the word is not a mere faculty of speech, but the fertile root, whence this 
stately trunk of all language has sprung.'* 

" Man may, therefore, be said to differ from every other animal, whatever the family in which 
he is classed and the color of his skin : — 

"<z. In his feeble and long infancy, late piiberty, and slow growth. 

^'b. In possessing the power of Speech ; holding communion with his fellow-men by words. 

"f. Smoothness of skin ; no natural weapons of offence or defence. 

"</. In the general conformation of the body ; the structure of the pelvis, thighs, and legs ; 
the incurvation of the sacrum and os coccygis. 

" e. The erect posture ; the adaptation of certain muscles to that state ; the peculiar structure 
of the feet ; the position of the eyes ; the possession of two hands, beautifully and perfectly con- 
structed ; and in the great strength of the thumb, in comparison with the monkey race. 

"/; Large proportion of the cerebral cavity to the face, and the size and weight of the brain 
in relation to the nerves which spring from it. 

" g. In having teeth all of the same length ; the inferior incisors being approximated. 

">4. No intermaxillary bone ; shortness of the lower jaw. 

"?■. In the shape of the head ; the situation of the foramen magnum, and the articulation of 
the skull with the spinal column, by the middle of its basis, and the absence of the ligamenlum 
nuchae. 

"/ Great development of the cerebral hemispheres, and the greater number of mental facul- 
ties, intellectual and moral." 

Perhaps it is well, in closing this part of our subject, 
to state, that the most widely different among mankind 
have the same periods of gestation, of infancy, of puberty, 
of maturity and longevity, and are subject to the same dis- 
eases ; and the result of their union is invariably a fertile 
offspring. The Jewish Scriptures positively assert that the 
reason why Adam, after the fall, called his wife Eve, was 
because she was the mother of all living. As Dr. Ken- 
nicott translates : Because he found she was still to be 
the mother of all living. Or, as the Chaldee better 
translates the passage : The mother of all the sons of 
men. Or the Arabic version : Because she was to be 
the mother of every rational living animal. In the ninth 
chapter of Genesis we find : And God said unto Noah, 
This is the token of the covenant, which I have established 

* The Philosophy of History (Bohn's edition). 



30 Humanity : Its Fountain and Stream. 

between me and all flesh that is upon the earth, and the 
sons of Noah that went forth of the ark were Shem and 
Ham and Japheth. These are the sons of Noah, and 
of them was the whole earth overspread. These quota- 
tions show that God proclaimed, through the Jewish 
Scriptures, that Eve was the mother of all the sons of 
men. From Genesis, ninth chapter, fourth verse, we 
learn that the Blood is the life ; and Harvey and Hunter 
have both clearly demonstrated that the blood of man is 
the life, as it is the first principle that lives and last that 
dies, and from it every fluid and every solid of the human 
frame are derived. And we find the same Almighty 
truth reiterated under the Gospel dispensation, by Paul, 
in his powerful appeal to the Athenians, where, after 
preaching to the idolatrous worshippers the God that 
made the world and all things therein, he adds : " And 
hath made of one blood (i. e. one life*) all nations of men 
for to dwell on all the face of the earth, and hath de- 
termined the times before appointed, and the bounds of 
their habitation. Acts, xvii. 26. 

* Adam only was created from the dust of the ground, and it was into his nostrils only the 
Almighty breathed life. 

Eve was made from a rib taken from Adam's side, not from the dirt of the ground, and no 
account is given in the sacred text of breathing into her nostrils the breath of life. Then, truly, 
we can say, from one life (/. e. Blood) hath all mankind descended. 






PART SECOND. 



It is a well established fact, that civilization had its 
origin with the primeval or red families of mankind. 
The three great nations of antiquity, India, China, and 
Egypt, were the first to organize regular governments, 
and establish set forms for religious worship ; and the 
brilliancy of their achievements remain undimmed by the 
lustre of the present hour. Chinese history reaches back 
2,637 B- c. The records of India are older than Moses : 
while Egypt, far back in the dim ages of antiquity, with 
its blazing civilization, looms up like a meteor in the night 
of time. Some philosophers contend that man rose by 
his own exertions from a savage to a civilized "state. 
One of them says : When they first crept forth from the 
newly-formed earth, a dumb and filthy herd, they fought 
for acorns and lurking-places with their nails and fists, 
then with clubs, and at last with arms, which, taught by 
experience, they had forged. They then invented names 
for things, and words to express their thoughts. After 
which they began to desist from war, to fortify cities, and 
enact laws. But investigation and reflection have satis- 
fied us that it was not so. Because all nations and 
tribes have a tradition referring back to a time when 
some one or more of their ancestors received instructions 
or were miraculously preserved by the interposition of the 
gods. These faint impressions and feebly retained tradi- 



3 2 Humanity : Its Fountain and Stream. 

tions in the mind of man, show how sensitive and con- 
scious he is of a fallen condition. Abraham himself knew 
little of civilization when he first entered Egypt to pro- 
cure corn. Here he beheld how industry, parent of 
enjoyment, had gathered the luxuries of all climes. The 
richly cultivated fields, the gorgeous palaces seen at Mem- 
phis, must have surpassed the brightest dreams of his 
youth. And what must have been his amazement when 
first beholding the rriighty pyramids of Gheezeh with 
Shoopho's lofty summit, and its twenty-four companions, 
all standing within a few miles of Memphis ; and the 
youngest of these mighty monuments had been erected 
over four hundred years before he was born. 

The reader must not think the great antiquity I 
have attributed to Egyptian monuments comes in contact 
with the Bible. It is an important fact that no one of 
the inspired writers of that book pretend to give a chro- 
nology of the age of the world. The author of the Book 
of Genesis says, "In the beginning God created the 
heaven and the earth," but he does not say when that 
beginning was. Now, what no one of the inspired 
writers attempted. Archbishop Usher, a learned divine 
of Armagh, Ireland (who died in 1656), undertook to 
accomplish. He invented a chronology by which he 
attempted to give the precise date when each and all the 
great events recorded in the inspired Volume took place. 
His computations were adopted by the English Epis- 
copal Church, and confirmed by Act of the English 
Parliament, and are found at the head of the columns 
containing the marginal notes. The Protestant churches 
have, I believe, generally adopted his chronology, but no 
one supposes that because they are found in the Bible, 



Humanity : Its Fountain and Stream. 3 3 

and sanctioned by Act of the English Parliament, makes 
them inspired. Above three hundred persons have made 
Biblical computations concerning the age of the world, 
each one differing from all the rest. We might adopt 
the tables of Alphonsus the Tenth, which that king com- 
piled at an expense of four hundred thousand crowns, 
making the world, b. c. 6,984 years old. Or that of 
Rabbi Lipman's Computations, making it only b. c. 
3,616. Then we have what is called the Septuagint 
chronology, which gives 3,246 years from the Deluge to 
Christ, and 5,872 from Adam to Christ. Ptolemy Phila- 
delphus, after he had liberated one hundred thousand 
Jews from bondage, requested the High Priest of Israel 
to send him a faithful copy of the Jewish Law, which 
the High Priest had written on parchment, in letters of 
gold, and sent as requested. After which the king em- 
ployed seventy-two learned men, who assembled at the 
Isle of Pharos, Alexandria, 240 b. c, and translated the 
Hebrew Scriptures into the Greek language. The trans- 
lators were shut up in thirty-six cells, each pair translated 
the whole, and on comparing the thirty-six copies, Justin 
Martyr affirms they did not vary a word. This trans- 
lation took place before the corruption of the Hebrew 
Bible by the Jews, to throw early prophecies concerning 
the Messiah out of date. These alterations were done 
in the time of Seder Alam Rabbi, one hundred and thirty 
years after Christ, yet it is this computation, thus altered 
by the Jews, that has been followed by Bishop Usher, 
which appears in all our English Bibles, sanctified by act 
of Parliament. This uninspired Parliamentary blunder, 
added to that of the Council of Trent in 1 546, has been 
converted into a geological weapon which Voltaire, Hig' 



34 H^mlanity : Its Potmtain and Stream. 

gins, Dolback, Hume, Bolingbroke, Paine, Rousseau, Hohbs, 
Gibbon, Volney, and other infidel writers have used to 
destroy confidence in the Divinity of God's word. Jose- 
phus, the Jewish author, who wrote his history at Rome, 
immediately after the fall of Jerusalem, very nearly agrees 
with the Septuagint, making the world 5,759 years old 
at the birth of Christ, and giving 3,146 from Christ to 
the deluge, making a difference of only one hundred years. 

Now, Usher makes the world only 4,004 years old 
at the birth of the Saviour (Latin version. Catholic, the 
same), and allows only 2,348 years to have intervened 
between Him and the deluge, which is 902 years less 
than the Septuagint, and cuts from the age of the world 
1,868 years, and near 3,000 years from the computation 
of Alphonsus. The age of the world, we believe, is 
known only to- its Maker, and as he did not deem it 
necessary or expedient to reveal it during the ages of 
inspiration, it most likely will forever remain a mystery. 
Neither do we believe that any chronological table has 
yet been invented (Bishop Usher's included) that comes 
within five thousand years of giving the correct date of 
the flood. The evidence gathered from monumental 
history and tradition in Egypt, China, and India, with 
past geological researches, demand, for truth s sake, the 
adoption of a new and more extended chronology. If it 
had not been for the barbarous fanaticism of numerous 
nations, and all creeds, we might have been able to arrive 
at its correct date. As it is not from the Jews only we 
receive light ; for among all nations we find vague tradi- 
tions of that mighty event. 

The Egyptians, says Diodorus Sicuhts, had a tradi- 
tion of the destruction of the whole livino: world in its 



H-umanity : Its Fountain and Stream, 3 5 

primordial times by a Deluge. Deucalion, who by 
advice of the Creator built an ark, by it saved himself 
and his wife, and through them the human race was 
renewed. 

The Greeks had the same tradition, only confining 
the Deluge to Greece : see Apollodorits. Berostts, a writer 
who lived at the period of the Macedonian dynasties, in 
his second book, states that the Chaldeans had an ac- 
count of a flood which he compiled from written docu- 
ments kept at Babylon. 

Phenicians, according to Hieronymus, an Egyptian 
writer, had a tradition of it at Joppa. The Chou King, 
the History of China, written by Confueius, opens with 
an account of a flood ; and Tao See, a leader of an oppos- 
ing school of philosophy, speaks of the Deluge occurring 
in the reign of Niuhoa : he states the seasons were then 
changed, day and night confounded, great waters over- 
spread the universe, and men were reduced to the con- 
dition of fishes. 

Hindoos have an extended account of a flood in one 
of their sacred poems {Mahahharat). Mohammed has the 
old Arabian account of it in the Koran : also in Africa 
among the blacks ; and in Mexico, North and South 
America, before the discovery by Columbus, all had a 
tradition of the deluge. And Humboldt appropriately 
remarks that similar traditions exist among all the nations 
of the earth, and like the relics of a vast shipwreck, are 
highly interesting in the philosophical study of our species. 

But the loss, from the destruction of ancient archives 
in Asia Minor, Greece, and Syria, and in almost every 
part of the globe, can never be replaced. In defence of 
the arsenal, Julius Caesar could not prevent the destruc- 



2,6 Humanity: Its Fountain and Stream. 

tion of the great Ptolemaic library (by conflagration) from 
the furious attacks of the Alexandrian populace. While 
the subsequent ruthless decree of Omar enforced the 
obliteration of the Christian Bibliothecal Repository at 
Alexandria (seventy thousand volumes), which it had 
taken six hundred years to accumulate. The Tartar 
conquerors in China, devoted to the flames the precious 
annals of ancient history, while their brethren destroyed 
nearly all Indian and Asiatic libraries. In the Saracenic 
torrent that overthrew the dynasty of Chosroes, Khuzruff 
destroyed all the volumes which for ages had accumulated 
in the Persian archives. Did not the Syrian annals 
perish with the fleets and fortress of Phenicia, when 
Alexandria overthrew the mistress of the deep ? And 
did not Marius destroy the chronicles at Carthage ? And 
in the fall of Hierosolima, was not Titus amenable for 
the destruction of the Hebrew archives ? And did not 
Brennus, the Gaul, destroy the seven-hilled city, with all 
her public records, 390 b. c. ? And we must not forget 
the misdirected zeal and monkish fanaticism that marked 
every Christian country — Polimpsesting everywhere what 
they called heathen manuscripts and monumental inscrip- 
tions. All authorities contemporary with the decline of 
Pharaonic glory, agree that there were in Egypt over 
twenty thousand volumes, the productions of Suphis, 
Athothis, Necho,and Petosisis, all Egyptian Pharaohs, be- 
sides thousands of other books, the productions of Priests, 
Physicians, and Philosophers, which were all annihilated 
by the Persian invasion 525 b. c, and thus the paper 
records of Egypt were blotted out. 

It was by consulting these numerous ancient works of 
the Egyptian poets and philosophers, which had for thou- 



Humanity: Its Fountain and Stream. 37 

sands of years been accumulating In the richly stored libra- 
ries of Heliopolis and Memphis, that Moses became 
learned in all the wisdom of the Egyptians, and became 
so mighty in words and in deeds. Acts, vii. 22. 

But notwithstanding this wholesale destruction of 
ancient manuscripts, there yet remained, along the banks 
of the Nile, carved in stones, an imperishable record of 
Egypt's great antiquity. 

Herodotus, a Grecian and native of Halicarnassus, 
visited Egypt 430 b. c, and 95 years after the Persian 
invasion. One hundred and seventy years after Herod- 
otus, who is called the Father of History, Manetho, 
High Priest and sacred scribe of Heliopolis, and a na- 
tive of the Solemnitic nome in the eastern delta, Lower 
Egypt, at the command of the Persian king Ptolemy 
Philadelphus, then reigning in Egypt, compiled a history 
of Egypt from the earliest times, down to the Alexandrian 
invasion, 332 b. c. Manetho was a very learned man, 
havinof received his education in the same town where 
Moses had been educated, about 1,000 years before. He 
wrote his history in the Greek language, about 260 b. c. 
Sixty years after him, Eratosthenes of Cyrene, Gramma- 
rian, Mathematician, Astronomer, Geographer, and Libra- 
rian, compiled his Laterculus, or catalogue of Egyptian 
kings. Then we have Diodorus, another Greek, who 
wrote about 40 b. c. Neither Diodorus nor Herodotus 
understood, or even comprehended the hieroglyphical lan- 
guage of Egypt. After that we have Josephus, Julius 
Africanus, Eusebius. Then later, Tacitus, Plutarch, Pau- 
sanias, Pliny, and a host of others. The only reliable 
writer on Egypt, among all I have quoted, was Manetho, 
and his writings perished the first century after Christ. 



38 Humanity : Its Fountain and Stream. 

For ages the crumbling ruins of its mighty monuments, 
its gorgeous temples, and tombs, and magnificent sculp- 
ture, have filled the world with astonishment and admira- 
tion ; for above two thousand years the Persian, the 
Greek, the Roman, and Mohammedan conquerors used it 
as a stake in the game of empire. 

While Providence permitted these barbarian monarchs 
to conquer and subdue its degenerate inhabitants, although 
monuments, temples, tombs, sculpture, and stones were 
everywhere carved with hieroglyphics, inviting them to 
read, their eyes continued closed, and their understandings 
darkened, utterly unable to comprehend its intellectual 
greatness. 

But, in the 1 7th century, a new spirit of inquiry re- 
vived, which led Paul, Lucas, Shaw, Volney, Savary, 
Norden, Rossini, Peacock, Mallet, Bruce, and others, to 
visit the shores of the Nile. But Turkish fanaticism 
stood much in the w^ay of European explorers. It was 
at this interesting time, Bonaparte, that child of destiny, 
left the shores of France at the head of that great expedi- 
tion, with a view of establishing an Oriental empire, 
wherein the children of the Frank and Gaul would hold 
supremacy over the Northeastern provinces of Asia and 
Africa, equal to that which has been established in the 
Eastern Hemisphere by the Anglo-Saxon race. But fate 
threw obstacles in the way, which turned the energy of its 
commander into European channels. But Napoleon was 
a lover of science and the arts, and it was here, amidst the 
roar of artillery, and martial music of his camps, he di- 
rected the savans of France that accompanied the expedi- 
tion to scrutinize the monuments of Egypt. It had been 
overrun by different conquerors for above 2,000 years, yet 



Htcmanity : Its Fountain and Stream. 39 

its intellectual treasures' remained undiscovered. Yes, 
from Napoleon's advent into Egypt, ages slumbering in 
the womb of time, and generations yet unborn, will yet 
enjoy the effulgence of that light of which, in our day, 
only gleams have reached the world. While in 1800 he 
opened the way to the long lost history of Egypt, on 
the 30th of April, 1803, after his return to Paris,, he made 
to this Government, through Livingston and Monroe, the 
princely donation of Louisiana. 

Thus, while the world of civilized man was benefited 
by his advent into Egypt, America should ever remember 
the time when he presented the greatest river on the planet 
and over one hundred million square miles of territory to 
the United States, with the satirical political prophecy, " I 
have just given to England a maritime rival that will, soon- 
er or later, humble her pride." 

The result of the French savan s explorations in Egypt, 
was published by order of the government of France. 
Then came Belzoni, who entered and explored a pyramid 
at Memphis, still known by his name. He also made ad- 
ditional explorations at Thebes. Then came the Rosetta- 
stone, discovered by Mons. Bouchard, a French officer of 
engineers. Then in 18 19, Dr. Young, the Scotchman, 
published what he supposed to be the key, but in his 
hands it would not unlock the door. Champollion ap- 
peared, in 1822, with an article on hieroglyphic writing, 
which he read to the Royal Academy of Belles Lettres 
in Paris. Information was now on the increase, and the 
French government, in 1828, fitted out another expedition, 
headed by Champollion, to make additional explorations. 
At the same time the Grand Duke of Tuscany, prompted 
by scientific inquiry, sent Prof Rosellini, and four Italian 



40 Humanity : Its Fountain and Stream. 

artists. These two expeditions, sent by France and Tus- 
cany, were blended into one, and reached Egypt on the 
same vessel. They all returned in 1829, with the richest 
archaeological spoils that ever left Egypt. Champollion's 
part was to illustrate the historical monuments and the 
grammar of the hieroglyphical language of Egypt, while 
Rosellini was to elucidate, by the civil monuments, the 
manners and customs of the ancient people, and the com- 
pilation of a hieroglyphical dictionary. Champollion find- 
ing his end approaching, finished his grammar on his 
death -bed, and placing the manuscript in charge of a few 
friends that surrounded him, requested them to preserve it 
carefully, remarking, " I hope it will be my visiting-card to 
posterity." 

The French Government published his works, while 
Rosellini in 1832 issued the first volume of his Monu- 
ments of Egypt and Nubia, and announced he would 
finish in ten volumes of text and four hundred plates, the 
Civil and Religious, Military and Monumental History 
of Egypt. Thus, while France and Tuscany were fos- 
tering a new school of Egyptian literature, many private 
individuals in Great Britain, at great personal expense, 
continued to prosecute inquiry. Among the most ener- 
getic and reliable were Sir J. Gardner, Wilkinson, and 
Samuel Birch. Humboldt, the great naturalist, became 
highly interested in the wonderful developments now go- 
ing on in Egyptian chronology, and proposed to the king 
of Prussia the importance of sending an exploring party 
to the banks of the Nile, and suggested Dr. Lepsius as a 
suitable person to take charge of the -expedition. The 
king acquiesced, and the expedition was immediately fitted 
out, and a large sum placed in the hands of Dr. Lepsius, 



HUMANITY, ITS FOUNTAIN AND STREAM. pj.A'l i: VII 




Pius 

POPE.— Born Ms; I3tb, 1792 ; elected Pom Jane I6th, 18M, ud 
eorotiia«d Jane 2lBt, 1846- Popnlation of tne State of the Chnrch, 
721,121; relMnn, Catholic. He is supposed to be the tpiritaal head of 
abcot 200,000,000 of people. 




Napoleon III,^ 



EHPEKOR OF FRANCE.— Bora ^.pril 20th, 1808: elected for Preil- 
dent December 20th, 1818; proclaimed Emperor December 2d, 18S2, 
Population of his empire, 40,908,310; religion, Catholic; form of Kovem- 
ment. Military ImperialiBm. 





Francis Joseph^ 



Isahelle II., 



EMPEROR OP AUSTRIA.— Bora Angast 18th, 1830 ; ascended the 
throne December 2d, 1848. Popalation of bis empire, 3S,6&3,000; reli- 
Kioo, Catholic. 



Formerly QUEEN OF SPAIN.— Born October 10th, 1830; snceeeded 
her fp.t'ier Septerober 29th. 1833; proclaimed Queen at Madrid, October 
2d, 1833; abdicated and fled to France September 30th, 1868, and now, 
April 18/U, Is still an exile, and her ancient kingdom yet straggles la 
the throes of revolation. Popnlation, 16,302,625; religion. Catholic. 





Louis, 

KINO OF PORTUGAL.— Born October Slst, 1838; ascended the throne 
November 11th, 1861. Population of his kingdom, 4,347,441; religion, 
Catholic 



Victor Mmanuel, 

KINO OF ITALY —Born March 14th, IS20; succeeded his father aa 
king nf Sardinia July 28tli, 1849. and received the title of king of Italy 
March 17th, 1861. Popalation ol his kingdom, 26,4»M,ri3; reliirion, 
CathoUc. 



Humanity : Its Fountain and Stream. 4 1 

who, with the aid of seven scientific men, started to 
retrace the steps of his numerous predecessors over the 
sacred ground hallowed by countless generations of anti- 
quity. In the mean time our own country was being rep- 
resented by Prof Gliddon and Dr. Morton, of Phila- 
delphia. 

Now the result of the Investigation in regard to the 
age of the pyramids, Humboldt remarks, man yet pos- 
sesses authoritative portraits of kings, as far back as the 
fourth dynasty of Manetho. This dynasty embraces the 
constructors of the great pyramids of Geezeh, Cophen, 
Cheops, and Menkeso, commencing 3,400 years b. c. 
This is 154 years before the Septuagint flood, and 1052 
years before the time of Bishop Usher's deluge. 

Now, there are 31 dynasties of Egyptian Pharaohs, 
which will average near 1 50 years to each dynasty. Ro- 
selllnl carries the i6th dynasty up to 2,272 b. c. Then 
there are 15 dynasties yet, beyond which, at the same 
rate, would fix the period for the commencing of the first 
dynasty at above 4,000 b. c. Dr. Lepslus places the 
reign of the first king of Egypt to commence 3,893 b. c, 
which is 1 5 50 years before the deluge, according to Usher. 
And Bunsen dates the advent of Menes, founder of the 
United Kingdom of Egypt, at 3,623 b. c. 

Bishop Rasle remarks, that It was an old country in 
the infant age of Greece. The first dynasty of Egypt 
was founded 2,666 years before Nineveh and Babylon ; 
2,393 years before Moses began to write the Bible ; above 
2,000 years before the appearance of the sacred books or 
monumental inscriptions in India; 750 years before the 
deluge, as fixed by the Septuagint Bible ; 1555 years be- 
fore the deluge, according to Usher; and 1893 years 



42 Humanity: Its Fountain and Stream. 

before Abraham was born. Crozier's history of China, 
1 5 quarto volumes, translated by Imperial authority, dates 
the commencement of the Chinese government 2,953 b. 
c, while Dr. Lepsius has discovered monumental evi- 
dence, proving that the government of Egypt had passed 
from priestly jurisdiction into the hands of Menes, its first 
king, one thousand years before the Chinese were a people. 

Through Philology, we learn there are about three 
thousand different dialects — 587 in Europe, 937 in Asia, 
226 in Africa, and 1,264 ii^ America. Of course, only 
a very few of this number have an alphabet, or means of 
communicating thoughts, except by voice. Some may 
have rude drawings by which they represent ideas and 
sound, but without instruction how to abbreviate or reduce 
them into current written characters. 

The alphabets of different nations contain the follow- 
ing letters : 

English 26. French 23. Italian 20. Spanish 27. 

German 26. Slavonic 27. Russian 41. Latin 22. 

Greek 24. Hebrew 22. Arabic 28. Persian 32. 

Sanscrit 52. Chinese 214. 

There are twenty thousand words in Spanish, twenty- 
five thousand in Latin, from twenty-two to twenty-five 
thousand in English, thirty thousand in French, forty- 
five thousand in Italian, fifty thousand in Greek, and 
eighty thousand in German. 

Various plans have been suggested how and when 
writing was first discovered. Many persons have con- 
tended that the Jews received it from God, and that the 
Hebrew was the first written language, and the Bible the 
first book. The transit from spoken to written language 



Htcmanity : Its Fotmtain and Stream. 43 

appears to be of Indefinite antiquity, up to the days of 
Champollion, 1825. The invention of writing had been 
traced to the Hebrews, Phoenicians, Chaldeans, Chinese, 
Hindoos, and Egyptians, while the great mass of the 
Christian world believed it originated with Moses, and 
that the tables of stone contained the first writing ever 
given to man. 

But this view of the subject does not accord with the 
sacred volume ; for in the fifth chapter of Genesis, first 
verse : " This is the book of the generation of Adam." 
Here reference is made to the book of the genealogy. 
And the Hebrews had other sacred books not included 
in the Bible. One called the Wars of Jehovah, from 
which a quotation is given in the Bible, Numbers, 21st 
chap., 14th verse. Learned theologians admit the Book 
of Job is not a Hebrew production, although accepted 
and authenticated by the Jewish lawgiver. Job lived in 
the land of Uz, Armenia, of which Edom was a district. 
The country is known by us as Arabia. Job was an 
Arabian, probably of the Joctan race, and according to 
Hales, his probable epoch was about 2,337 b- c., or 800 
years before Moses. One of Job's friends was named 
Eliphaz, the Temanite. Now in the 36th chapter of 
Genesis, 4th to loth, and in ist Chronicles, ist chapter, 
35 th verse, we learn that Eliphaz was Esau's oldest son ; 
there, and In the Book of Job, are the only places In the 
Bible where Eliphaz Is named. Being called a Temanite, 
Jeremiah, 49th chapter, 7th to 20th, makes Teman a prov- 
ince of Edom. Job remarks, " Oh that my words were 
now written ! Oh that they were printed In a book." He 
also expresses a desire that his adversary had written a 
book. 



44 ' Humanity : Its Fountain and Stream, 

Thus it is proven that writing and books were known 
among the Gentiles eight hundred years before Moses' 
day, and the pure belief of one God not limited to the 
Jewish patriarch Abraham after the flood. Last of all, 
if the Hebrew had been the language of Heaven, the 
Saviour would never have abandoned it while expiring 
on the Cross. " Eli, Eli, lama sabachthani ?" is not He- 
brew, but Armenian. 

Ancient opinions of some of the great heathen mas- 
ters concerning God : 

"Zoroaster asserts that the first uncreated cause perfected all things, and then transferred 
them over to the government of a second mind ; which second mind or power, mankind being 
ignorant of the paternal, generally invested them with the attributes of divinity, and worshipped 
them as the first God. 

"Chinese books are full of descriptions of the first Heaven, and declare that mankind will be 
happy in that attractive abode, where all things grow without labor, where no war of the elements 
or inclement air shall ever come." 

From the Sacred Book of India. 

[One hundred and twenty-ninth book of the Rig Veda — Translated from the Sanscrit, by Max Muller.] 

"In judging it, we should bear in mind that it was not written by a gnostic or by a pantheisuc 
philosopher, but by a poet who felt all these doubts and problems as his own, without any wish to 
convince or to startle, only uttering what had been weighing on his mind, just as later poets would 
sing the doubts and sorrows of their heart. 

"Nor Aught nor Naught existed; yon bright sky 
Was not, nor heaven's broad woof outstretched above. 
What covered all ? what sheltered ? what concealed ? 
Was it the water's fathomless abyss? 
There was not death — ^yet was there naught immortal. 
There was no confine betwixt day and night ; 
The only One breathed breathless by itself, 
Other than It there nothing since has been. 
Darkness there was, and all at first was veiled 
In gloom profound — an ocean without light — 
The germ that still lay covered in the husk 
Burst forth, one nature, from the fervent heat. 
Then first came love upon it, the new spring 
Of mind — ^yea, poets in their hearts discerned. 
Pondering, this bond between created things 
And uncreated. Comes this spark from earth 



Humanity: Its Fountain and Stream. 45 

Piercing and all-pervading, or from heaven? 

Then seeds were sown, and mighty powers arose — 

Nature below, and power and will above — 

Who knows the secret? who proclaimed it here, 

Whence, whence this manifold creation sprang? 

The gods themselves came later into being — 

Who knows from whence this great creation sprang ? 

He from whom all this great creation came, 

Whether his will created or was mute, 

The Most High Seer that is in highest heaven, 

He knows it — or perchance even He knows not." 

After the worship of a Supreme being had been 
partially discontinued, it is reasonable to suppose that 
adoration of the heavenly bodies was the next religion 
that prevailed to a great extent. But the wise men 
amongst all Heathen nations, almost to a man (except 
those who denied the being of a God), believed in one great 
First Cause — intelligent, self-supporting, and Supreme. 

It is a remarkable fact that the three great nations of 
antiquity, Hindoos, Chinese, and Egyptians, had each, 
at the very commencement of their annals, a system of 
writing so complete, that we do not find any improve- 
ment in after ages. The Hieroglyphical language found 
on the early monuments of Egypt was perfect, and was 
neither altered nor changed down to the closing period of 
its thirty-one dynasties, 331 b. c. 

As the Egyptians have the oldest annals, we must 
award to them the glory of being either the receivers, 
inventors, or restorers of Hieroglyphical writing. The 
Rosetta-stone, dug up near the mouth of the Nile, by 
Bouchard, a French officer of engineers, while digging 
the foundation of Fort Julian, is three feet long, twenty- 
nine inches in breadth, and twelve inches thick, and is 
now in the British Museum. 

It has three inscriptions : First y Hieroglyphic ; Sec- 



46 Humanity : Its Fountain and Stream. 

ond, Enchorial writing of the people, termed Demotic ; 
Third, Greek, which purported to be a translation of the 
other two. The event recorded on this stone was the 
coronation of Epiphanes, which took place in the month 
of March, 196 b. c. It is headed: "The year IX. of 
the son of the sun, Ptolemy ever living beloved of Pthah." 

Ptolemy the king, like the Government of the United 
States, had crushed a rebellion. And part of the in- 
scription on the Rosetta-stone (showing how he treated 
his subjects, may be of interest to the reader) reads : 
" I have ordered that the citizens who laid down their re- 
bellious arms, and those whose sentiments had been in 
times of trouble opposed to the Government, and who 
had returned to their duty, should be maintained in pos- 
session of their property. That having entered Memphis 
as the avenger of my father and his own rightful crown, 
I have punished, as they deserved, the chiefs of those who 
revolted against my father, devastated the country, and 
despoiled the temples." 

The discovery of this stone, with a Greek translation 
of the Hieroglyphical writing of Egypt, gave a new im- 
petus and created new energy in Hieroglyphical students. 

Through the mighty genius of ChampoUion now 
began to flow the blessings of Napoleon's advent into 
Egypt. With renewed effort he demonstrated to the 
Royal Academy in Paris, that the ancient Egyptians 
had made use of pure Hieroglyphical signs, that is to 
say, of characters representing the images of material 
objects to represent simply the sounds of the names of 
the Greek and Roman sovereigns inserted on the monu- 
ments of Dendera, Thebes, Erne, Edfoe, Omlos, and 
Philoe. The savans of Europe were astounded at this 



Huvianity : Its Fount aiii and Strea^n. 47 

great discovery of Champollion's ; he had previously, in 
1 8 14, recorded his hope, in his ''Egypt under the Pha- 
raohs," that there would at last be discovered upon 
these tablets, whereon Egypt had but painted material 
objects, the sounds of language and the expression of 
thought. His last great work, in 1824, opened the door 
to Egypt's time-honored chronicles, just when the intel- 
lect ot Europe was growing weary and doubtful of suc- 
cess. Young, the Scotch savant, had previously pub- 
lished a small volume claiming the honor of discovery, 
and awarding to Champollion the honor of extending the 
alphabet. But with the force of an earthquake, Cham- 
pollion overthrew all the false theories of his predecessors, 
and with an intellectual hurricane blew from the crum- 
blinor ruins the dust of ao^es which had hid from the 
Greeks and Romans the glories of Pharaonic Epochs, 
the deeds of the most civilized, pious, learned, and war- 
like people of antiquity, whose government exceeded all 
others, thousands of years in duration, and whose works 
surpassed in magnitude, boldness of conception, accuracy 
of execution, and splendor of achievement, anything 
recorded in the history of man. Champollion appeared 
to have an intuitive conception, and could arrive at con- 
clusions at a glance, defining the meaning of every obscure 
legend. 

The following extracts we take from Prof. Glidden : 

"Drawing, in those early days, was the most effective to satisfy those cravings inherent in intel- 
lectual man, which had in view the creation of a power to communicate with persons removed 
from the draughtsman by time and space, rather than to imitate the various works of nature. The 
study of representing things pictorially, had, in those primitive times, no other object than to effect 
that which was completely achieved by the introduction of signs for sounds. 

"Of the introduction of these tetters, we have the fact before us in every Egyptian legend, from 
the earliest postdiluvian epoch admissible, down to the extinction of hierogtyphical writing in the 
third century of the Christian era, a period of at least 3,006 years ; but we cannot name the intro- 



48 



Humanity : Its Fountain and Stream. 



ducer, except in the legendary Thoth ; nor state positively how this discovery was made in Egypt. 
— The arts of writing, drawing, painting, and sculpture, in ancient Egypt, were emblematized 
by one symbol ; and, in hieroglyphics, were expressed thus : 




corresponding phonetically to — 



m?. 



t^hU 



Skhai. This symbol expressed, in the sacred character, the signification and the sound of the 
words 'to paint,' 'the painter,' 'to write,' and ' the writer ;' as also 'writings' — ypa/x/jiaTa. The 
symbol \\s,z\i 'v& compounded of three things, all connected with its meaning; as 'the reed,' used 
in writing, at the present day, by the Arabs, and termed ' qalam ;' ' the vase, ' or ink-bottle ; and 
the 'scribe's palette,' whereon he poured his red and black inks, filling the little hollows in its 
centre. 



i 



o 





Retd. Vase, Palette. 

"In precisely the same manner, in ancient Greek, the words 'to describe,' 'to draw,' 'to 
engrave,' and 'to write,' were all comprised in the same verb — 7pa(p£(v. 

"By analogical reasoning, then, we may infer, that the progressive steps toward the develop- 
ment of hieroglyphical writing may have been in the following order : 

" ist. That material objects struck their view, and to transmit them to posterity, or to preserve 
the idea of one of these objects, they painted the figure of the thing itself; and this would be 
FIGURATIVE writing. 

"2d. That the insufficiency of this plan in application was immediately felt. In painting the 
figure of a man, they could not express what man ; and to define him, they added a tropical sign 
or symbol of another thing in some way associated with this particular man. This would be sym- 
bolic writing. 

" 3d. That then certain arbitrary, and, in due course, conventional signs were added, to express 
the idea of an immaterial object ; as a hatchet for a god, a URffius (asp) for royalty, etc. 

"4th. They finally contrived to introduce divers representatives of sound, taking, to denote 
each letter, those objects the names of which, in their language, began with the initial sound of that 
designation ; that is, when they wanted to denote the articulation L, they drew a Lion, and so on. 
This would be phonetic writing ; and is the principle that originated many Semitic alphabets, as 
the Hebrew, the Samaritan, the Phoenician, etc. , as well as those of some other nations. 

"In Egyptian hieroglyphics, as may be seen in part by the alphabet, there are, in some 
instances, as many as twenty-five diflferent characters used to represent one letter, and these are 
termed 'homophones' of that letter. 

"One immense advantage accrued in monumental legends from this variety, for the artist was 
thus enabled to employ those figures which, while representing the articulated sound of the letter, 
had by their form a relation to the idea these signs were to express. The writer could thus, by 



Humanity : Its Fountain and Stream . 49 

the judicious selection of his letters from the variety of his homophones, convey a meaning of ad- 
miration, praise, dignity, beauty, strength, etc., or he could denote disgust, hatred, insignificance, 
or other depreciatory opinions. 

"I will endeavor to render this apparent by an example. Suppose we wished to adopt the 
same system in our language and write the word ' America' in hieroglyphics. I use pure Egyp- 
tian hieroglyphics as letters, adapting them to English values : 

A — We might select one out of many more or less appropriate symbols ; as an asp, apple, 
allar, amaranth, anchor, archer, arrow, antelope, axe. I choose the asp, symbolic of 
' sovereignty. ' 
M — We have a mace, mast, mastiff, moon, mouse, mummy, musket, maize. I select the mace, 

indicative of ' military dominion.' 
E — An ear, egg, eagle, elk, eye. The eagle is undoubtedly the most appropriate, being the 
'national arms of the Union,' and means 'courage. 

t t K -^ ^ © t 

Aip. Mace. Eagle. Ram. Infant. Cake. Sacred Tau. 

R — A rabbit, ram, raccoon, ring, rock, rope. I take the ram, by synecdoche, placing a part 
for the whole, emblematic of ' frontal power' — intellect — and sacred to Amun. 

I — An insect, Indian, infant, ivy. An in/ant will typify ' the juvenile age' and still unde- 
veloped strength of this great country. 

C — A cake, caldron, cat, clam, carman, constellation, curlew, cone, crescent. The crescent 
would indicate the rising power of the United States ; the constellation oS. stars would 
emblematize the States, and is borne aloft in the American banner ; but I choose the 
cake—\ki^ consecrated bread — typical of a ' civilized region. ' 

A — An anchor, or any of the above words beginning with A, would answer : the anchor would 
symbolize ' maritime greatness,' associated with 'safety' and 'stability;' but not being 
an Egyptian emblem, I take the 'sacred Ta6,' the symbol of 'eternal life,' which 
in the alphabet is an A. 

To designate that by this combination oi symbols we mean a country, I add the sign ^kljfe^ll , 

in Coptic 'Kah,' meaning a country, and determinative of geographical appellatives. 
We thus obtain phonetically — 

A M E RICA 




COUNTRY : 

while symbolically, the characters chosen imply ' sovereignty, military dominion, cour- 
age, intelligence, juvenility, civilization, and eternal durability.' 

7 



50 Umnanity : Its Fountain a7^d Stream. 

"This example, however, gives but a faint idea of the beauty, and often exquisite propriety, 
of Egyptian composition, or of the complexity of the hieroglyphic art of writing. It will be 
allowed, that even this anglicized illustration of the word America does not render its perspicuity 
very apparent ; and, with a full acquaintance of the language, it would be a puzzle to a decipherer. 
How much more so, when the vowels may be omitted, as they generally are, and only the conso- 
nants written ; as, ' MRC, country !' " 

The law of Phonetic Hieroglyphics is, that the pic- 
ture of a physical object shall give the sign of the sound 
with which the name begins in the Egyptian tongue. 

Thus, Lion is called Labo in Egyptian, the same as 
L might be the initial for that animal in English. The 
same in Hebrew, where the Lion is called Labi ; in fact, 
the letter L is only an abbreviating position of a recum- 
bent Lion. 

The Hebrew, Samaritan, Arabic, Phoenician, and 
other Semitic tongues are all governed by the same prin- 
ciple. In fact, the distinct articulation of Phonetic Hiero- 
glyphics may be resolved into sixteen sounds, represented 
by sixteen Egyptian letters, with their Hemephones, which 
are identical to the sixteen Cadmean characters, and they 
represent the distinct elementary sounds of the human 
voice, because all alphabetical sounds are more or less 
compound, and are reducible into their primitive elements. 
Thus the fact that the Greek and Phoenician alphabets 
contained at first only sixteen distinct letters is not only 
established by analogy and historical testimony, but by 
nature itself The Greeks and other nations completed 
the powers of their alphabet by adding other letters to 
represent compound sounds. The Egyptians without 
extending their phonetics arrived at the same result, only 
by another process. It was a strange chronological coin- 
cidence that the fifteenth century b. c. witnessed the 
exodus of the Israelites from Egypt, and their organiza- 



HUMANITT, ITS FOrNTATIV AND STREAM, pi.v'i'i: Mil 




Christian TX., 



KINO OF DENMARK— Born April 8th, 1818; ascended the throne 
Norember 16th, 1863. Population, 1,753,787; religion, Protestant. 




Aleocander II., 



EMPEROR OF RUSSIA.— Bom April 29th. I8I8; ascended the throne 
March 2d, 1855. PopuliUion of his empire, 78.400,000; religion, Greek 
Church. A great militar-r Power; 180,U(X) .voung men kept constuntl; 
In military schools, 10,000 are educated for officers, while its regular 
•tanding army numbers 697,137. 





Victoria, 



QUEEN OF ENGLAND.— Born May 24th, 1819; ascended the throne 
Jone 20th, 1837; coronated June 28th, 1838. Population of her empire, 
191,830.000, about 150,000,000 of which are in India; religion, Protestant. 



Charlesf 



PRINCE OF ROMANIA.— Proclaimed ruler October 24th, 
Population of his kingdom, 4,605,510; religion, .lewish. 



1866. 




Charles XV., 



KINO OK SWEDEN AND NORWAY— Born May 3d 18*; ascended 
the throne July 8th, 1859; coronated at Stockholm May Sd, and at 
Drontheim August 5th. 1860. Popi'.lation of his kingdom, &,874,tiM, 
of which two-thirds belong to Sweden; religion, Protestant. 




Leopolf' 



KING OF BELGIUM.— Born April 9th, 1835; ascended the thron* 
December 10th, 1865. One of the youngust states in Europe until the 
revolt of the Netfaenandx in the 16th centurj-, Antwerp was the great 
seaport of Europe, and thnnsands nf resscls crowded its port. Popula- 
tion of his kingdom, 4,697,794; religion. Catholic. 



Humanity : Its Fotmtain and Stream. 5 1 

tion into an orderly community by Moses, with the intro- 
duction of the Hebrew alphabet ; and the importation of 
a primitive alphabet from Phoenicia, by Cadmus (son of 
Agenor the king of Phoenicia), into Greece, at a period 
when that country was tributary to the Pharaohs and 
overrun with their armies. The same century witnessed 
the foundation of Thebes, with all its oriental mysteries, 
and the emigration of Danaus, the founder of Danai at 
Argos, where colossal ruins even to this day point to 
their Nilotic origin. We can trace the foundation of 
Athens itself to an Egyptian colony led by Cecrops from 
Sais ; and it was, says Dunaker, in this century, 1 500 
B. c, we find a new language (Sanscrit) introduced 
through the Vedas (Sacred Books) into India. The 
civil institutions of Menu did not appear for two hundred 
and twenty years after. 

Father Marco, a Roman missionary, translated from 
the Ramayan, through the Sanscrit into his native tongue, 
to which he added a short mythological and historical 
dictionary, in which he names Jirut a town and province 
in which the priests from Egypt first settled in India ; 
and Mr. Schmit gained a prize at the Academy of In- 
scriptions on an early Egyptian colony established in 
India. That the Egyptians had strong, heavy, and well- 
built sea-going vessels, is established from the writings 
of both Herodotus and Pliny, and the paintings on the 
early monuments show them to be fastened with nails 
and pins, with spacious cabins well furnished, like those 
of modern Egypt. If they had not been skilful naviga- 
tors, they could not have defeated the fleets of Phoenicia, 
or ventured to India. (Wilkinson, vol. iii., p. 189.) The 
pine-apple models of glazed pottery found in the early 



5 2 Humanity : Its Fotmtain and Stream. 

tombs were a large species, and are also found in the 
tombs contemporary with Joseph. We know that Necho, 
3d Pharaoh of the 26th Dynasty, about 650 b. c, ascer- 
tained the peninsular form of Africa by doubling the 
Cape of Good Hope near 2,200 years before it was seen 
by Diaz, who was sent by John II. of Portugal. Eman- 
uel, his successor, sent Vasco de Gama, in 1497, with 
orders to double it, and proceed to India. 

The probability is, some Egyptian or Phoenician 
navigator, with an Egyptian colony, landed on the coast 
of South America about 1500 b. c. It is possible, and 
becomes probable, when we reflect that 2,000 years be- 
fore Columbus was born, Solan, the great Athenian, 
stated that, while in Egypt, Sanches, a learned Egyptian 
priest, told him of islands in the Atlantic larger than 
Asia and Africa combined. He must have had reference 
to the continents of North and South America. The 
people were the same color, and the emblems (some of 
them at least) of religion bear too close a resemblance not 
to be copies. Sir Wm. Jones, page 55, claims that 
China, Japan, Mexico, and Peru, were all colonized from 
the same source. 




Egyptian. 

The above emblem is found above the doors of the ancient Temples, along the banks of the 
Nile. Hieroglyphical scholars all agree that this winged globe and serpents was placed there 
by order of the ancient Egyptian priests, to represent the three attributes of God, — Love, Power, 
and Wisdom. 



Humanity : Its Fountain and Stream. 



53 




South American. 

The above emblem, so closely resembling the Egyptian on page 52, was discovered by John L. 
Stephens, in 1839-40, during his travels among the ancient ruins of Central and South America. 
Next to its close resemblance to the Eg}'ptian, is that we find it placed directly in the same place : 
to wit, over the Temple doors. 




Egyptian. 

The above figure is also 
found carved in stone near 
the doors of the ancient Tem- 
ples along the banks of the 
Nile. 




South American. 

The above figure is also found carved in 
stone, and placed near the doors of the an- 
cient Temples of Central and South America. 
All these emblems bear a close resemblance 
to each other, and must have had a common 
origin. 



Mr. George E. Squires, who spent two years in ex- 
ploring the Peruvian antiquities, remarks that the archi- 
tectural remains, which are in many places stupendous. 



54 Htimanity : Its Foimtain and Stream. 

show proofs of skill and power equalling and sometimes 
surpassing those of Egypt. He was agreeably surprised 
on finding that numerous ancient edifices are still in use 
in nearly a perfect condition, having been converted into 
churches, convents, etc., and this is particularly true in the 
city of Cuzco. There the corners of the old streets are 
still preserved, with the walls of many buildings, and 
where the latter have been demolished, the gates still 
remain. Assisted by foreign engineers, he was able to 
make a complete plan of that old capital of the Incas. 
In many places the native architects availed themselves 
of natural facilities, procuring enormous stones from ledges 
above the sites of their constructions. 

Some have supposed that the Hebrew and Phoenician 
languages were imitations of the arrow-headed Zen, it 
being the language stamped on the bricks of Babylon. 

But the Rev. Dr. Lamb, of Cambridge University, 
has shown that the Hebrew alphabet can be traced, 
letter by letter, to a primitive Egyptian Hieroglyphic. 
To Thoth, Mercury, or the first Hemas, the Egyptians 
ascribe the invention of letters. He appears to be the 
type of the antediluvian revelation to man. He belongs 
to the fabulistic, shadowy, antediluvian period known in 
Egypt as the reign of the gods. The rule of the gods 
here mentioned has relation to priestly rule, or God ruling 
through the priests. The Egyptians did not believe that 
any Egyptian God ever lived on earth ; the story of Osiris, 
ruler of the dead, is purely allegorical. (See Wilkinson's 
Thebes, p. 254, extract from Plato.) 

Plutarch and Plato both affirm that the writing in- 
vented by the ist Thoth, whom we call the antediluvian 
Hemas, differed from that invented, or re-discovered by 



Htmianity : Its Fotmtain and Stream. 5 5 

Thoth the 2d, which has come down to our day under 
the name of Hieroglyphics on the Nilotic Monuments 
of Egypt. Sanchoniathon Miso, who may be Mizraim, 
was the ancestor of Jaauttcs, the Egyptian Thoth Hemas, 
who invented the writing of the first letters. So Phoe- 
nician and Egyptian annals agree in attributing the inven- 
tion of letters to the same personage. 

How or in what manner the writing of the First 
Thoth differed from the Second, we have been unable to 
define. The Second Egyptian Thoth, without doubt, 
introduced the Hieroglyphical writing. And what more 
can we say in praise of Egyptian learning than to add 
that Plato, Tacitus, Pliny, Plutarch, Diodorus, and Cham- 
pollion, all award to Egypt the honor also of inventing 
alphabetic writing. Prof Rawlinson, in his laborious 
researches in the ruined cities of the Euphrates, thinks 
he has discovered remains of an ancient Turian Empire, 
which flourished and fell long before Nineveh, the first 
of which was established 2234 b. c, by a Hamatic prince 
of Elam. The second, 1976 b. c, by another Hamatic 
tribe from Susiana, which lasted until 15 18 b. c. He 
remarks, they all bore Hamatic indications resembling 
Egypt. The Turian family embrace the Chinese and 
the greater portion of the Asiatic people, and in Europe 
the Fins and Laps, the Magyars and Turks, the Tartars, 
Mongols, Thibetians, Tamulians, and the Aboriginal In- 
dian people, and all dialects of the Eastern Archipelago. 
Caldwell, Hodgson, Max Muller, and Bunsen so desig- 
nate them. 

Prof Wilson, A. M., author of " Errors of Grammar 
and Nature of Language," page 316, remarks : " It is not 
many years since we were taught that the Chinese were 



56 Htcmanity : Its Fountain and Strea7n. 

a people without another with which to compare them 
and their language, in the whole wide world. But time 
and labor have made us wiser. We now know for a 
certainty that the roots of both the languages of that 
nation extend far back into the great Tartar Clans in the 
north and west, and into the Malay and Indian in South 
Asia. This language is the most infantile and uncul- 
tivated of any adopted by so large a portion of the human 
family, having two hundred and fourteen letters in its 
alphabet. In fact, within a few years the examination 
of the roots and structure of all languages has been 
brought to great perfection. Through this branch of 
learning it has been ascertained that what is called the 
Aryan Ind-European family of nations, have a common 
origin. The blonde Norwegian and the dark-eyed Span- 
iard, the Mercurial Kelt and the steady Anglo-Saxon, 
the Slavonic Russian and the Frenchman, the practical 
Anglo-American and dreamy Hindoo, the German and 
the Persian, the Greek and Roman, are proved to be all 
emigrants from one home, and to have spoken once a 
common tongue. By comparing the languages of the 
foregoing peoples with Sanscrit, which is the mother of 
twenty different living languages spoken in northern and 
southern India, the evidence becomes so clear that it is 
unassailable. Words conveying the simplest ideas of 
existence and action, nearest family relation, such as Fa- 
ther and Mother, Daughter and Son ; names of domestic 
animals, such as Pig, Goose, Duck, Sow, Boar, and Dog ; 
words for the luminaries of the sky, words of feeling, such 
as Heart and Tears ; — these words show these tribes 
had made some progress in civilization before they sep- 
arated. They had fastened animals to vehicles, built 



Htmianity : Its Fountain and Stream. 5 7 

houses, worked in metals, constructed boats, and were 
acquainted with sewing and weaving. They most likely 
were engaged in pastoral life. The original home of the 
great Aryan family is hid in the mist of antiquity. Tra- 
ditions of two of its branches designate the plateau of 
Asia, lying east of the Caspian, as their common home. 

The Turanians, with their Nomadic language, were 
still older, and perhaps the first who figured as nations in 
Asia. The Aryan came after ; then the Semitics. The 
Turanians include the wandering forest tribes, with little 
inclination to cultivate civilization. While there is no 
doubt that Ham accompanied his son Mizraim into Egypt 
(" And smote the first-born in Egypt ; the chief of their 
strength in the tabernacles of Ham." Ps. Ixxviii. 51), 
and carried with them the learnino^ and civilization of the 
antediluvian world. This is rendered plausible by the 
language of Egypt being perfect on the first monuments, 
which implies that it was the one used by the antedilu- 
vians. One hundred Hieroglyphical characters being 
drawn from house furniture, which proves a civilized 
state when the Hieroglyphics were made, as all biblical 
commentators have agreed that Egypt was assigned to 
Mizraim, son of Ham, for a domain and for an inherit- 
ance, which is fully sustained by Egyptian history, wherein 
it is called the land of Khem. 

Thus in the earliest period of Hieroglyphic writing, 
the Egyptians preserved the name of Ham through the 
name of their country. Some have supposed that the 
father of the Egyptians was under a curse ; but if they 
will read from the twentieth to the twenty-seventh verse, 
ninth chapter of Genesis, they will see that Noah's pro- 
phetic denunciation was not of Ham, nor of Cush, nor 

8 



5 8 Himianity : Its Foimtain and Stream. 

of Mizraim, nor of Phut. But cursed be Canaan, the 
fourth and youngest son of Ham. Now Canaan, in 
direct contravention of the will of God, took possession 
of Palestine, the land destined for the posterity of Abra- 
ham. Thus some 1 500 years after this event the Ca- 
naanites were ejected from Palestine, slaughtered or sub- 
jugated by the hosts under Josua. It was through 
Canaan's posterity that human sacrifice first originated ; 
their altars reeking with the blood of men. And it is 
not only in the Bible that Canaan is accursed, for The- 
bean monumental sculpture, carved about 1 500 b. c, 
pronounced Kanana a barbarian country. But even in 
this moral wilderness we find exceptions, and meet with 
oases, for (Gen., fourteenth chapter and eighteenth verse) 
Melchizedeck, king of Salem, was a Priest of the most 
High God; a standing proof that the worst Gentile nation 
in Abraham's day had one man who followed the pure 
primeval creed, and both David and St. Paul agree 
in stating that Christ was constituted a priest forever 
after the order of Melchizedeck ; and the Rev. Charles 
Burton, LL. D, F. L. S., in his lectures on the world 
before and after the flood (2d Volume, page 352, Lon- 
don edition), states : " We must, therefore, consider Mel- 
chizedeck, king of Salem, an earthly prince as much as 
the king of Sodom, and as truly a human personage as 
Abraham and Lot or any of the confederate kings men- 
tioned in this narrative." 

Neither Ham nor his three sons were cursed, for his 
name is associated with the richest, most fertile, and most 
ancient country of the earth, and stands in history as 
the founder of the most civilized and powerful nation of 
antiquity. 



Humanity: Its Fotmtain and Stream. 59 

The first colonists who settled on the Lower Nile 
appear to have been already in a high state of civilization. 
It must be conceded that Mizraim and his descendants 
were the depositaries of all the magical and archaeological 
secrets of the antediluvians. 

As the earliest settlements were around the mouth of 
the Nile, it is probable that Ham and Mizraim came 
from some part of tropical Asia in ships, a few hundred 
years after the flood. As the climate of Europe, now 
the home of the white race, never was suited for the first 
dwelling-place and development of the human family, it 
is evident, if the first pair were created there, nature 
would have furnished natural clothing suitable for the 
maintenance of life without the aid of art. But man does 
not belong to the cold climates. His original birth-place 
has been in a region of perpetual summer, where the un- 
protected skin bears without suffering the slight fluctua- 
tions of temperature. He is, in fact, essentially a produc- 
tion of the tropics, and there has been a time when the 
human family, then all of one complexion (red), had not 
strayed beyond these geographical limits. 

We take the following extract from Adelung's Mith- 
ridates. This great German linguist wrote many valua- 
ble works at Leipzig, during the latter part of the i6th 
century. He remarks, concerning the birth-place of man : 

"We must fancy to ourselvee this first tribe endowed with all human faculties, but not pos- 
sessing all knowledge and experience, the subsequent acquisition of which is left to the natural 
operation of time and circumstances. As nature would not unnecessarily expose her first-born 
and unexperienced son to conflicts and dangers, the place of his early abode would be so selected, 
that all his wants could be easily satisfied, and everything essential to the pleasure of his existence, 
readily procured. He would be placed, in short, in a garden, or paradise. 

"Such a country is found in central Asia, between the 30th and 50th degrees of north latitude, 
and the 90th and iioth of east longitude (from Ferro) ; a spot which, in respect to its height, can 
only be compared to the lofty plain of Quito, in South America. From this elevation, of which 



6o Humanity : Its Foimtain and Stream. 

the great desert Cobi, or Shamo, is the vertical point, Asia sinks gradually toward all the four 
quarters. The great chains of mountains, running in various directions, arise from it, and con- 
tain the sources of the great rivers which traverse this division of the globe on all sides ; — the Selinga, 
the Ob, the Lena, the Irtisch, and the Jenisey, in the north ; the Jaik, the Jihon, the Jemba, on 
the west; the Amur and the Hoang-ho (or Yellow River), toward the east; the Indus, Ganges, 
and Burrampooter, on the south. If the globe was ever covered with water, this great table-land 
must first have become dry, and have appeared like an island in the watery expanse. The cold 
and barren desert of Cobi would not, indeed, have been a suitable abode for the first people ; but 
on its southern declivity we find Thibet, separated by high mountains from the rest of the world, 
and containing within its boundaries all varieties of air and climate. If the severest cold prevails 
on its snowy mountains and glaciers, a perpetual summer reigns in its valleys and well-watered 
plains. This is the native abode of rice, the vine, pulse, fruit, and all other vegetable produc- 
tions from which man draws his nourishment. Here, too, all the animals are found wild which 
man has tamed for his use, and carried with him over the whole earth ; — the cow,* horse, ass, 
sheep, goat, camel, pig, dog, cat, and even the serviceable rein-deer, his only attendant and friend 
in the icy deserts of the frozen polar regions. Close to Thibet, and just on the declivity of the 
great central elevation, we find the charming region of Cashmire, where great elevation converts 
the southern heat into perpetual spring, and where nature has exerted all her powers to produce 
plants, animals, and man, in the highest perfection. No spot on the whole earth unites so many 
advantages; in none could the human plant have succeeded so well without any care. f This 
spot, therefore, seems to unite all the characters of paradise, and to be the most appropriate situa- 
tion in Asia for the birth-place of the human race." 



Egypt forms the connecting link between Africa and 
the civilized world. It extends from the Mediterranean 
on the north, to Nubia on the south, distance about five 
hundred miles. The Syrian desert, without any definite 
line, forms the western, and the Red Sea the eastern 
boundary. The Nile, the great river of Africa, with its 
sweet-tasting water, originates from a lake, lately discov- 
ered by Mr. Baker, which he has named Albert Nyanza. 
This lake is two thousand seven hundred miles from the 



* To determine the original stock of our domestic animals is one of the most difficult undertakings in zoology. I 
know no data on which the ox-kind can be referred to any wild species in Asia. Cuvier has concluded, from a minute 
osteological inquiry, that the wild ox (urus or bison of the ancients ; aurochs of the Germans), formerly found throughout 
the greater part of temperate Europe, and still met with in the forests of Lithuania, of the Carpathian and Caucasian chains, 
is not, as most naturalists have supposed, the wild original of our cattle ; but that the characters of the latter are found in 
certain fossil crania; whence he thinks it probable "that the primary race has been annihilated by civilization, like that 
of the camel and dromedary." — Da Animaux fossiles, v. iv. j Rumitians Jossi/es, p. 51. 

f Adelung; ir. Theil. EinUitung, pp. 3-9. 



HUMABriTY, ITS FOUNTAIN AND STREAM, plate IX 




WiUiam J., 

KINa OF PRTTSSU..— Born October IStb, 179S: ascended the throne 
October 18th, 1861. Popalation of Us kingdom, 2i,039,&43; religion, 
Protestant. 




Johrif 



KINO OF SAXONY.— Bom December mb, 1801; ascended the thron* 
Aagast 9th, 18M. Population of bis kingdom, 2,423,401 ; religion, 
Protestant. 




Charles I., 



KING OF WURTEMBERG.— Bom March 6tb, 1823 ; ascended the 
throne Jane 26tb, 1864. Population of bis kingdom, 1,778,396- relieion 
Protestant. 




George I., 



KINO OF GREECE.— Bom December 24th, 1845; ascended the throne 
October 31st. 18S3. Popolatlon of bis kingdom, 1,348,S22; religion, 
Greek Charch. 




Abdul-Aziz-Khanf 

EMPEROR OF TURKEY.— Bom Febraary 9th, 1830; ascended the 
throne June 2Sth, 1861. Population of bis empire, 42,066,610; religion, 
Mahonunedan. 




Frederic, 



GRAND DUKE OF BADEN.— Bom September 9tb, 1826; ascended 
the throne April 24th, 1852. Population of bis kingdom, 1,434,970; reU- 
gion, Ostholic. 
This country contains the great watering-place of Europe. 



Humanity: Its Fottntain and Stream. 6i 

mouth of the Nile, and two thousand four hundred and 
forty-eight feet above the level of the sea. 

It IS about as large as Scotland, and is fed by all the 
mountain streams of Central Africa. Thus the stream of 
the river which has been the wonder of all generations 
of men, has within the last four years been traced to its 
source. This river flows through Egypt, Nubia, Kor- 
dofan, and Abyssinia : a few miles below Cairo it sep- 
arates and forms two branches, ninety miles from the sea. 
The eastern branch reaches the sea at Damietta, and the 
western at Rosetta. These two outlets are about eighty 
miles apart. Lower Egypt extends from the sea to 
Cairo. Middle Egypt extends from Cairo to Manfa- 
bout ; and Upper Egypt extends from the latter place to 
the Nubian border. Many great scholars in past ages 
entertained the opinion that civilization originated with 
the black race in Ethiopia, and descended the Nile. If 
this were true, it would be an argument against our 
evidence of the origin of color, and it would also be a 
death-blow to the future hopes of the black race and 
their friends. But it is not true. The negro, in his own 
native clime, has never yet embraced civilization : but 
that is no reason he never will. Persons we dislike, we 
immediately begin to find a reason in their race ; this is 
doubly so when we have done them a great and cause- 
less wrong. Thus we dislike the people we have wronged, 
and a set of philosophers in the interest of slavery, went 
to work to prove that the man from Congo is not a man, 
because he is black, and has a thick ///. Then if he is a 
man, he is a poor, weak, degraded creature, who was 
always intended for a slave. 

As it has been proved beyond controversy that the 



62 Humanity : Its Fountain and Stream. 

oldest monuments in the valley of the Nile are found in 
Lower Egypt, about one hundred and twenty-five miles 
above the mouth of the river. Here around Memphis, 
during the existence of the third, fourth, and fifth dynas- 
ties, were erected the mightiest pyramids, the most gigan- 
tic structures ever built by human hands. It was at 
Memphis, during the latter part of the old monarchy, 
that Joseph dwelt, and ruled the land of Egypt under one 
of the wisest of its Pharaohs. A little way beyond this 
oldest landmark of civilization begins the blessed region 
of Goshen, out of which Moses led the children of Israel 
to the Syrian desert. It was here, according to tradition, 
that Mary rested with the infant Jesus. And how many 
countless thousands have visited these wonders of the 
world before us, the youngest in time, and yet the pre- 
decessors of millions that will in other ages succeed. 
These pyramids were built for resting-places for the great 
dead. Each king commenced the building of his pyra- 
mid as soon as he ascended his throne. He only de- 
signed a small one to insure a complete tomb, even if he 
were to be but a few years upon the throne. But in the 
advancing years of his reign he increased it in size by 
successive layers, till he thought he was near his end. 
If he died during its erection, then the external arena was 
alone completed, and the monument of death finally 
remained proportionate to the duration of the life of the 
king. By these means, like the rings of a tree, posterity 
(all other conditions remaining) might be able to calculate 
the number of years he had reigned by the coating of the 
pyramid. Every Pharaoh was the sun of Egypt, and 
over his name bore " Son of the Sun ;" and as the 
sun was Pharaoh, so each king was called Pharaoh. 



Humanity: Its Fountam a7td Stream. 63 

Every monarch inherited his father's throne by lineal suc- 
cession. In consequence, the incumbent was Pharaoh, 
son of Pharaoh. But a Pharaoh might, by his own bar- 
barity or misrule, ostracise himself, so as to prevent his 
being buried even in his own tomb. This was a power- 
ful stimulus to act justly and rule wisely and mercifully. 

These monuments, one hundred and fifty in number, 
are strung along the banks of the Nile, up through Nubia 
to Meroe, a distance of fifteen hundred miles. The 
higher we ascend the Nile valley, the monuments become 
more modern, which caused Dr. Lepsius to remark, 
" that the most ancient epoch of art in Ethiopia was 
purely Egyptian, the oldest being only contemporary with 
the great Rameses, 1400 b. c, who, of all the Pharaohs, 
extended his domains not only further south but north." 

Thus is established a new and interesting historic fact, 
that Egypt did not receive its civilization from the dark 
or Negro race, but whatever advance Ethiopia had made 
in civilization, was learned from the ancient red race of 
Egypt. (See Lepsius, pages 18 and 19.) 

This is a heavy blow against the great antiquity of 
the Negro race, who first appear painted on the monu- 
ments of the eighteenth dynasty, 1 500 b. c. Thus a 
historic period of twenty-five hundred years had passed 
before we have any evidence m Egypt of a jet black race. 
The inspired writer of the Book of Genesis, in his classi- 
fication of humanity under the names of Shem, Ham, and 
Japheth, knew nothing of this race ; for the reason, that 
in his day none such were known. The Ethiopians were 
approaching black, very brown, and it is easy to conceive 
how many persons of their color, exiled or driven from 
Ethiopia beyond the border into Soodan, would die 



64 Humaiiity : Its Fount am and Stream. 

while undergoing the change. But some must have 
survived, and in a few thousand years Soodan was peo- 
pled with a jet-black race with curly hair. When this 
occurred we know not, but have no doubt it commenced 
very early, perhaps at an ante-historic date ; as Dr. Lep- 
sius, the late Prussian Nilotic explorer, has authoritatively 
extended the history of the world back near two thou- 
sand years beyond Champollion. Others may still follow 
with additional and other important developments. The 
Hyksos, or Shepherd kings, first appeared and ruled 
Egypt during the fourteenth, fifteenth, sixteenth, and sev- 
enteenth dynasties. 

It was during their reign the Egyptian power was 
driven into Ethiopia, and the ruling castes of both coun- 
tries became somewhat mixed. The white race havinor 
driven the rulers into Ethiopia, began to mix with the red 
Egyptians left behind. It is about this period that yellow 
women first appear painted on the monuments. Pre- 
viously the native Egyptian women were always painted 
red ; the Ethiopian women were represented by the same 
color. But a great change was wrought, not only in 
color, but in the general features of many of the Egyptian 
rulers. After the seventeenth dynasty, the black and 
white varieties had come from the cold and hot countries 
into which their ancestors had immigrated, and witnessing 
such a marked difference in complexions, they were as- 
tonished at each other. The Egyptians, knowing they 
inherited the primeval color, viewed the red race as par 
excellence ; at this date they paint on the monuments 
red, white, yellow, and black men. The mighty natural 
cause which produced these changes in the complexion 
of the human family were to the wise men of Egypt 



Humanity: Its Fountain and Stream. 65 

unknown, and up to the present time has remained a 
mystery. By the force of logic we have sprung the 
mysterious lock ; perhaps the key did not fit all the parts, 
but the bolt flew back, and you see the door stands open. 

The Egyptians enslaved both the white and black 
races. Joseph was sold by his brethren to some Arabian 
merchants who took him into Egypt, where he was pur- 
chased by the then reigning Pharaoh. Josephus and 
Manetho both agree that from the immigration of Jacob 
and his family into Egypt until the expulsion of the 
Hyksos or Israelites, by Thuthmosis the ist, was five 
hundred and eleven years. The Bible says about four 
hundred. The Israelites were in bondage there four 
hundred years, while the black race, men, women, and 
children, are painted and recorded as slaves on the monu- 
ments 1 500 B. c. The black and white races were 
equally despised by Egyptians, and they used them indis- 
criminately as slaves. But things have changed. The 
glory of the ancient civilization of the red race has de- 
parted from Egypt. 

In Greece and Rome it became remodelled to suit the 
wants and fancies of the young and energetic white race, 
whose early home was Europe ; and it is through this 
channel the great blessings of Egyptian civilization are 
now flowing. By steam and sail this race controls the 
commerce of the seas. In fact, all the great arteries of 
travel and trade, both on land and over the great deep, 
are at its command. The steamboat, the ships, the rail- 
cars, and even the caravans that cross all the great deserts, 
are grasped by their energy and managed by their skill. 
But let us not forget the mother race, nor despise the 
teachings, when young, we received at her knee. 



66 I-hiinanity : Its Fountain a7td Stream. 

Are not, however, Egyptian studies, and the mythology, 
philosophy, and doctrines of that misrepresented race, in- 
teresting to the divine who attests the unity of the Godhead 
and the holy Trinity ? Can the theologian derive no 
light from the pure primeval faith that glimmers from 
Egyptian hieroglyphics, to illustrate the immortality of 
the soul and a final resurrection ? It is vain, in the 
present enlightened age, to shrink from the astounding 
evidences of a pure revealed religion, in existence among 
the Gentiles, in ages anterior to Abraham and Moses ; 
or, with TertuUian, to anathematize these important in- 
quiries ; or, with him, to attribute the pure doctrines of 
remote antiquity to the forethought and machinations of 
the spirit of darkness. Will not the historian deign to 
notice the prior origin of every art and science in Egypt, 
a thousand years before the Pelasgians studded the isles 
and capes of the Archipelago with their forts and tem- 
ples — long before Etruscan civilization had smiled under 
Italian skies ? And shall not the ethnographer, versed 
in Egyptian lore, proclaim the fact, that the physiological 
and other distinctions of the human race began to de- 
velop soon after the distribution of mankind throughout 
the earth ? 

Philologists, astronomers, chemists, painters, architects, 
physicians, must return to Egypt, to learn the origin of 
language and writing — of the calendar and solar motion — 
of the art of cutting granite with a copper chisel and of 
giving elasticity to a copper sword — of making glass with 
the variegated hues of the rainbow — of moving single 
blocks of polished syenite, nine hundred tons in weight, 
for any distance, by land and water — of building arches, 
round and pointed, with masonic precision unsurpassed 



Humanity: Its Fotmtain aiid Stream. 67 

at the present day and antecedent, by two thousand 
years, to the " Cloaca Magna" of Rome — of sculpturing 
a Doric column, one thousand years before the Dorians 
are known in history — oi fresco painting in imperishable 
colors — and of practical knowledge in anatomy. 

Every craftsman can behold, in Egyptian monuments, 
the progress of his art four thousand years ago ; and, 
whether it be a wheelwright building a chariot — a shoe- 
maker drawing his twine — a leather-cutter using the self- 
same form of knife of old, as is considered the best form 
now — a weaver throwing the same hand-shuttle — a white- 
smith using that identical form of blowpipe but lately 
recognized to be the most efficient — the seal-engraver 
cutting, in hieroglyphics such names as Shoopho's, above 
four thousand three hundred years ago — or even the 
poulterer removing the pip from geese — all these, and 
many more astounding evidences of Egyptian priority, 
now require but a glance at the plates of Rosellini. 

It is a sad, but too excruciatingly accurate conviction 
in the minds Champollion's disciples, that, had all the 
hieroglyphic legends of ancient Egypt been preserved to 
us, we should now possess a complete, unbroken, and 
authentic series of annals back to the remotest periods of 
conceivable postdiluvian time ; when the ancestors of the 
Hebrews were mere nomads in Aramanea ; when the 
Pelasgians were yet unborn ; the Greeks, Persians, and 
perhaps the Phoenicians, had not been dreamed of; more 
than fifteen centuries before Troy fell, and much " more 
than thirteen hundred years before Solomon" founded the 
Temple of Jerusalem, — till we should approach the early 
hour, when mankind dwelt together on the plains of 
Shinar. 



68 Humanity : Its Foimtam and Stream. 

When we scan the mighty blessings that have come 
down the stream of time, we find it was in Egypt animals 
were first domesticated. Cattle, sheep, and wild animals, 
such as the Gazelle, the Ibex, or wild goat, and the Oryx, 
formed part of the stock of an Egyptian farm -yard. Here 
Lions were taught to perform the part of hounds, and of 
the Chita or hunting leopard of India. Cats were made 
retrievers in fowling excursions among the fens. Snakes 
were charmed, and monkeys were made to help gather 
fruit. Crocodiles, at the call of their name, would come 
out of the water and submit to have their ears bored like 
young ladies ; even Rarey and Van Amburgh, in train- 
ing wild animals, fell short of the Egyptians. In fact, the 
treatment of sick animals was a subject for the Egyptian 
painter near five thousand years ago. The artificial 
hatching of eggs was also a very early, and almost uni- 
versal practice. Cattle of every color, red, spotted, pibald, 
were in great abundance. Men only were allowed to 
pail the cows, and while they performed this domestic 
duty they always tied their legs. They caught fish with 
nets. Pork, the Egyptians never eat. And it was from 
them the Israelites learned to despise it. The reason the 
Egyptians refused to eat pork was on account of their 
firm belief in the doctrine of transmigration of souls. 
They believed that when a soul was rejected at the 
Judgment, as unfit to enter Paradise, it almost invariably 
returned to earth again in the form of a pig, therefore they 
refused to eat pork for fear they might be eating one of 
their friends. Thus the antipathy of the Jewish race to 
eating pork is explained. 

And architecture and sculpture were brought to great 
perfection. The houses were mostly built of crude brick, 



Humanity : Its Fountain and Stream, 69 

stone being chiefly confined to sacred edifices. Egypt 
first invented the arch, one thousand years before it was 
known in Greece, and fifteen hundred years before it was 
used by the Romans. Bricks were baked in the sun ; 
and each one had to bear the official stamp. Making 
bricks was the employment of the Jews and other cap- 
tives taken in war. You see frequently represented by 
paintings in the early tombs the various trades — glass- 
blowers, potters, gold-workers, weavers, dyers, carpenters, 
mat-makers, cabinet-makers, undertakers, leather-cutters, 
sculptors, painters, scribes, and weighers. The entire 
epitome of a man's life were the principal subjects for his 
tomb, which were kept ready for inscriptions, and, like 
coffins with us, on hand for sale. They had means of 
transporting immense blocks of granite hundreds of miles. 
The colossus of Rameses II. was brouorht one hundred 
and thirty-eight miles to Thebes ; its weight was eight 
hundred and eighty-seven tons. Whilst the hundred and 
twenty-seven columns of Parian marble, sixty feet high, 
that adorned the Ephesian temple of Diana, only weighed 
one hundred and fifty tons each. Herodotus speaks of one 
block that was moved a great distance, that weighed above 
five thousand tons. We know of no power, even since 
the discovery of steam, by which it could be done. The 
largest of the great pyramids, Shoophos, covers thirteen 
and a half acres ; and Pliny states that three hundred and 
sixty-six thousand men were constantly employed for 
twenty years in its construction, while ten years had pre- 
viously been employed in quarrying the stone, — the 
weight of which is estimated at six million eight hundred 
and forty-eight thousand tons, making eighty-nine million 
and twenty-eight thousand cubic feet ; while its cost, at 



70 Humanity: Its Fountain and Stream. 

two shillings for each cubic foot, amounts to above ten 
million pounds sterling. The passages, chambers, floors, 
walls, and ceilings, are entirely built of the finest red 
granite, while the paintings are beautiful, being preserved 
as fresh as if done yesterday. Its original height w^as 
four hundred and eighty feet, being one hundred and ten 
feet higher than St. Paul's in London, and forty-three feet 
above St. Peter's at Rome. This mightiest of all human 
achievements was the production of the old monarchy, 
which comprised the first thirteen dynasties. And this 
great pyramid was the work of Saophis or Shoophos, the 
second Pharaoh of the fourth dynasty, 3426 b. c. 

Semempses, fifth Pharaoh of the first dynasty, was 
the inventor of fresco painting, and built a pyramid at the 
Labyrinth about 3700 b. c, which is the oldest one ex- 
isting in Egypt, although the Labyrinth itself was not 
erected until the twelfth dynasty. The middle monarchy 
was commenced by Sesortesen, first of the fourteenth, and 
continued until the end of the seventeenth dynasty. 

This Pharaoh founded the great city of Thebes, which 
extended thirty miles, having one hundred gates, and, 
during the time of its splendor, could send two thousand 
fighting men and two hundred chariots out of each gate. 

We insert here the following letter from a correspond- 
ent of the New York Herald of February 21, 1870. 
The writer, under date of Cairo, December 27, 1869, 
concerning the wonderful ruins at Thebes, remarks : 

"Thebes is the great event of the Nile voyage. Thither all eyes turn coming up the Nile. 
The ruins are so vast and the glories of Thebes have so often been sung by poets and writers, that 
all hearts yearn for them. Thebes is described by Homer as 

" ' Pouring her heroes through a hundred gates — 
Two hundred horsemen and two hundred cars 
From each wide portal issuing co the wars.' 



HTMAJVITY, ITS FOUNT AOT AND STREAM, plai*: X 




>^/' 



Louis II. f 



KVSQ OF BAVARIA.— Bom Aagust 25th, 1W5; ascended the throne 
March 10th, 1861. Popalation of his kingdom, 4,824,421; religion, 
OathoUc 




WiMiam III., 

KING OF THE NETHERLANDS, AND GRAND DUftE OF 
LUXEMBURG.— Bora FebroKry 19th, 1817 ; ascended the throne 
March 17th, 1^. Fopalation of his kingdom, 3,628.463 ; religioa, 
Protestant. 




De Alcantat'a Pedro ll.j 

EMPEROR OF BRAZIL.— Bom December 2d, 1825; ascended the 
throne July 20lh. 1840, and was coronated July 18th. 1841. Population 
of his empire. 11,790.000; religion, Catbolic Iiis fatber w&s the fourth 
emperor of Portueul, and when the French, in 1807, inv«ded that , 
country, tbe royal family fled to Brazil, which was ndsed to the rank 
of a kingdom in 1815. 





jB. JuareZf 

PRESIDENT OF MEXICO.— Bom 1807. A "native Indian, of pure 
Aborifctnal parentage, he becnme President in January, IS5& Popula- 
tion of the republic, 8,287.413 ; religion. Catholic. 



Ulysses S. Grant, 



PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. -Bore 
April 27tb, 1822. Through and bj hU military achieveraenla, the ' 
greatest rebellion known in history has been crushed. His sword | 
struck the Bbuekles troin the slaves, and saved his country fh)m dis- 
memberment. The people elected him as chief magistrate In 1868, and i 
be wai inaugurated -March 4lh. 186M. Thruogh and by his admlnlstra- | 
lion the FiJteentli Amendment to the Constitution; giving the right of ] 
SQfTrage to the colored race, has been adopted, and during tbe tlrst i 
year of bis term as President the national debt has been reduced about | 
E10y.000,0ao. Population of the United States about 40,OUp,000. All 
RaUgioiu an tolerated. I 




SU' John Young, 

QOV..«BNER\L OF BRITISH NORTH AiRBICA 
Area of square mlle^i. 3^019.146; population onr which ht nilM, 

a,ouo,uoo. 



Humanity : Its Fountain and Stream. 7 1 

"We were permitted to stay at Thebes two days, and I shall therefore give a description of the 
ruins as we saw them. Contrary to the advice of good Sir Gardiner, we saw Luxor and Karnak 
the first day, and the second we employed in visiting the tombs of the kings, Assasseer, Abdel 
Koorneh, the Palace of Koorneh Raraesium, the Colossi of Memnon and Medeenet Aboo. 

"The East Bank. — Luxor stands on the east side, within a few yards of the landing-place. 
Though half filled up by Arab huts, a mosque, and the American Consul's house, the half unoc- 
pied will command wonder and admiration. This temple was one of the greatest and most 
important in Thebes, yet in "Guides " it is spoken of disparagingly. Sir Gardiner goes into a few 
details about it, but not as much as it merits, because of the bad effect the miserable mud huts 
within has upon it, and because they occupy the finest and best portion of it. I think if it were 
cleared to the floor, that such a view as its seventy-two columned portico and its grand hall would 
present, could not be rivalled by anything Egyptian. From the front pylon, which is that front- 
ing Karnak northward, to the rear portico, the entire length of this grand temple is six hundred 
and thirty-eight feet. Its entire breadth is not known, for the close mass of Arab huts within the 
courts effectually prevents measurement ; but by going in on all-fours into these Arab huts, you 
will be startled at the profusion of capitals which peep out from underneath, denoting the columns 
that support them. That any villain of an Arab beggar should have dared to build his hut near 
the magnificent Luxor will be a matter of wonderment. The thought is apt to strike one, that 
should Ismail Khedive scourge every one of those people away, after the manner of Him who 
drove out those who polluted the temple at Jerusalem, he would be doing a very great service to 
art, for without the least doubt much would be found below to enrich a museum. 

' This temple, placed on higher ground than any others, must have appeared a fit rival to 
Karnak ; for from its stupendous pillars, its obelisks and its pylon may be seen rising magnifi- 
cently and proudly above the mass of rubbish which cumbers iL Before the front pylon stands a 
solitary obelisk of red granite, the mate of that which stands in the Place de la Concorde, Paris. 
To the right and left are four colossi, defaced, scarred, mutilated, and buried to the rim of their 
crowns. Entering the pylon you should come to a larger area, with covered cloisters on each 
side ; but this is all filled up with adobe huts and rubbish to the depth of forty feet. Proceeding 
forward through a small lane past the mosque, you enter the Grand Assembly Hall, fourteen 
columns of which alone stand, but these are of the largest class, being eleven feet in diameter. 
Further it is impossible to go from the front, so that steps must be retraced, and an entrance 
effected to the sanctuary and adyta from the rear. In a lateral hall, near the sanctuary, two Co- 
rinthian pillars of an old Greek church stand. Side by side with the gigantic columns of the 
Luxor temple, these columns of the Greeks appear puny and insignificant, and it is to the credit of 
Egyptian art to be placed in such juxtaposition to its Greek rival. 

" From Luxor we hastened to Karnak, situated a mile and a half north of the former, along what 
was once an avenue of ram-headed sphynxes. While on this road, give rein to fancy. Imagine 
yourself one among thousands proceeding in stately procession to the Temple of Karnak, countless 
flags and standards streaming in the breeze, the types of Egyptian divinities held aloft by strong, 
armed men ; gayly-painted inscriptions, fantastically designed, wreathed around or flowing from 
them ; Pharaoh's ensigns before each division of the procession ; wild music of harp, timbrel, 
sackbut, and psaltery ; double and single flute.s, rising in melodious symphony, clear and loud in 
the lucent air of Thebes ; while the king — even Pharaoh — is in his own chariot ; mayhap, Ranie- 
ses the Great, returning from his conquest of the world, grander and loftier than any of his sub- 



72 Httmanity : Its Fountain and Stream. 

jects ; the gay chargers such as were only reared for a Pharaoh's foennn as proudly as if they 
knew they were to grace a Pharaoh's triumph ; and the chariot is of gold and silver, sparkling with 
precious stones, with its war furniture, its bow and quiver, ornamented to the height of Egyptian 
skill ; and Pharaoh's nobles, in their robes of state, wend after him ; and the priests, in snowy 
linen, bordered with crimson, are before him, lifting on high their voices in the song of victory, 
and behind all come the cavalry, on their chargers from Ethiopia and Libya, with their burnished 
arms of bronze and brass ; and the infantry, with battle-axe and bow, spear and sword, with stand- 
ards waving, trumpets sounding ; and the people of Thebes, the mercenaries and slaves, by thou- 
sands follow on foot to see the scenes of that day, while over all shines the warm sun of Thebes. 
This takes place in the year 2670 of the creation, and the year 1330 before Christ. Pass over seven 
hundred years. The same sun shines over Thebes, its temples and its palaces cover the plain, 
the same river flows hard by the temples of Karnak and Luxor, the same azure heaven vaults the 
Theban plain, which is as green and fertile as ever; but a day of the year 519 b. c. has come, 
and the doom of Thebes immortalized is sealed, for the madman Cambyses, with his army, is 
marching from Luxor to Karnak. 

" For deities represented by animals — for Osiris, the founder of the Egyptian monarchy, repre- 
sented by the bull Apis — the goddesses Isis, Athor, and Phthah, represented by hawks and cats — 
Cambyses, the Persian, has no respect. Neither knows he Aimin-Re, who has made Karnak 
temple his abode ; he knows not ambitious Mandu, with the inevitable hawk's head ; therefore 
he issues the order for the demolition of the statues, for the defacement of the sculpture, for the 
destruction of the matchless temple. And thus the city of Thebes, the hecatompylean city, be- 
comes a waste. After the invasion of Cambyses, the Egyptians made an effort, and succeeded 
for a while, in re-establishing their independence, and Thebes once more took her former great- 
ness. Once more travellers came from afar to feast their eyes upon the Theban wonders — the 
fathers of history, Diodorus Siculus, Strabo, and others ; but the fiat has gone forth and there is 
none to stay it — a worse than Cambyses came, whose name was Lathyrus. What remained after 
Lathyrus, travellers see now-a-days at Thebes. 

"The matchless avenue of sphynxes, which lined the whole distance from Luxor to Karnak 
three thousand five hundred years ago, may be traced for about half the distance. You may say 
about the great blocks which lie crumbling on each side of you, these were sphynxes once, but 
few of them retain that figure and form now. About half-way to Karnak you will come to a 
square hollow, in which there are about sixty statues of Phthah of black granite, many of which 
are still upright. This hollow was the terminus of a temple. Proceeding a short distance further 
on, you see a solitary pylon, and the foundations of a temple may be traced. Pass over the other 
pylonse and march obliquely to the left, so that you may arrive at the front of the great Temple 
of Karnak. Ah ! that temple ! So many eminent writers have described it, so many travellers 
have wailed in sympathy over its fallen state, so many poets have sung over it, what shall a young 
American say of Karnak ? Take your Sir Gardiner in hand, or your Mr. Lane, or your Cham- 
pollion, and each of them will guide you over the ruins. But, in spite of this learned coterie, 
you will fain linger before the temple pylon, look up the stately height of the propylae, at the wide 
embrasures in its front, at the colossi sculptured thereon, at the ruinous masses of stone looking 
but freshly fallen, to the vista of columns, and halls, and obelisks, sanctuaries, and walls, as you 
stand minion-like in the portal. Great is the Parthenon, enthroned upon the Athenian Acropolis ; 
great is the Coliseum at Rome with its sad history ; great are the Sagantine ruins and Gothic 



Humanity: Its I^otmtam and Stream. 73 

Avilla, but greater, grander, statelier by far, stands Karnak temple. You pass under the pylon 
and you come to a spacious area, which measures two hundred and seventy-five feet by three hun- 
dred and twenty-nine feet ; another pylon and a vestibulum terminates this, which is about fifty 
feet in depth, and you are in the famous hail of Karnak with its one hundred and forty pillars, 
awe-struck by their gigantic size and its aspect. This hall measures one hundred and seventy by 
three hundred and twenty-nine feet. You could put the whole of Trinity church within it, and 
have a clean passage round about it afterward, between the walls of the hall. Another hall suc- 
ceeds this with an obelisk stair standing, one of a pair which stood before the pylon of another 
hall beyond this, where there is a taller obelisk, and measuring eight feet square. This latter hall 
is surrounded by osiride pillars, all of which, however, are mutilated. Beyond this is the sanc- 
tuary of sanctuaries, constructed of exquisitely polished red granite, with a host of adyta and lateral 
aisles and passages surrounding it. Beyond this is another hall, and still another until you have 
arrived at the circuit wall, and have traversed the length of eleven hundred and eighty feet. A 
temple eleven hundred and eighty feet long by three hundred and twenty-nine feet wide I What 
is St. Peter's at Rome to this .? 

"But you will not be induced to rush so hurriedly through the temple as all this. The great 
hall of Karnak will hold you spell-bound. You will wonder at its length, at its breadth, at its 
height, at the finite and colossal tracery of chisel over it, at its stupendous columns, rising sixty- 
two feet from the floor and eleven feet in diameter ; at the patches of brilliant and exquisite color- 
ing you will see here and there, and you will want to imagine all this when it was new. Then 
the obelisks, with their tops spiring into the clear air and pointing to the all-serene heaven of 
Thebes, will demand your attention, and the massive osirides, thirty feet in height, each composed 
of a single block ; the beautiful ornature of the sanctuary and its surroundings ; the lintel stones, 
forty feet in length ; each and all these are subjects of wonder. Yet these are but a tithe of what 
is to be found at Karnak. Mount the circuit walls, the lofty pylon facing the Nile, or the still 
loftier propylse, or the summit of a gigantic column in the hall. Look around, below, above, and 
admiration succeeds to admiration, wonder to wonder. As for the sculptures on the walls, they 
are too varied for detail. Could one but read them, much of the history of Egypt might be read, 
both sacred and profane. Going into this temple to look at the sculptures, is just like going to 
the Louvre at Paris. Napoleonic and war history of France may be read in the latter ; why not 
Egyptian history in the former .? The Louises and the Napoleons are seen at the front of Balbec 
pictures on the walls of the Louvre ; the great Rameses or some other Pharaoh may be seen on 
the temples of Prosopolis Magna, or modern Karnak. 

"The second day we crossed the river to visit the colossi of Memnon, and the tombs and tem- 
ples of the western bank. The modern name of the king's tombs is Bab el Molook, signifying 
the 'gates of the kings.' The gate of the kings ! What a fit signification I For none but kings 
entered therein, and it opened to death I 

"The Libyan range is at Thebes, just two miles from the Nile, at a point opposite Koorneh. 
At this point a ravine opens in the range of hills to the width of about two hundred feet. When 
you enter it you are in the most desolate, dreary, forbidding, barren, stony region in the world. 
Not a blade of grass, no, not one, nor shrub, nor any green thing is visible ; it is brown lime- 
stone rising in strata from the bottom of the ravine to the summit of the hill on either side, while 
the base is covered with debris, great rocks crumbling or crumbled, over which the sun pours its 
fiercest every day throughout the year. You follow this ravine, winding and deviating from point 

10 



74 Ihmiaiiity: Its Fountain and Stream. 

to point, for a mile and a half, until you are halted by a cross hill, which bars all further proce- 
dure. Here are the tombs of the kings, so far opened to the number of twenty-one, each one of 
which is a palace cut and chiselled out of the solid rock, stuccoed and painted all over. There 
are forty-seven of them in this valley, but twenty-six of them remain undiscovered, where it may 
be supposed kings still lie, ' every one in his own house. ' Keen-sighted, knowing travellers have 
been here, Belzoni among the keenest, yet there are twenty-six still undiscovered, which is, per- 
haps, all the best for the great dead who still lie there, but nevertheless a loss to Art. If one had 
only the money, they could be discovered doubtless, but moneyed travellers are not often found 
who could spare time and money to proceed to work. Some day, I hope, we shall have a national 
museum in New York, and some enterprising man, with the proper spirit and ambition, will fill 
an Egyptian room with the riches of these undiscovered tombs. 

"The Tombs.— Sir Gardiner Wilkinson, for the better description of them, has numbered 
them in red paint, respectively from one to twenty-one. Number seventeen was discovered by 
Belzoni, and is the most superb of all for the spaciousness of the halls within and the exquisite 
paintings which adorn its walls. These paintings generally treat of religious subjects, of the death 
of kings, and the transmigration of souls through various subsequent stages. One particular king, 
Settici I., father of Rameses the Great, is recognized in all these sets of paintings. He is repre- 
sented offering sacrifices to Osiris and Isis, as being judged by Osiris the judge of the dead, while 
the goddess of truth and justice stands by. In another place he is seen accepted by Osiris, who 
holds out his sceptre toward him, as Ahasuerus is said to have done to Esther, his queen. One 
hall to the right, at the furthest end, is not quite completed. You may trace a pencilling of red, 
with another of black over it, as if a master artist had superintended the work. The outlines are 
bold and masterly, and they have not all that stiffness which the skeleton drawing of Sir Gardiner 
would lead one to believe, and the paintings present Egyptian dress most vividly. You could 
almost tell of what those rich raiments in which the figures are painted were made of The tomb 
penetrates three hundred and twenty feet into the rock, and over wall and ceiling of passage and 
hall is placed the stucco, which has retained the paintings for over three thousand years. 

"Tomb number eleven, called the Harper's tomb, from the figure of a harper, which is seen 
at the extreme chamber to the right of the passage. This also is painted with interesting subjects. 
The monarch for whom this tomb was constructed is Rameses III. It is four hundred and five 
feet in length, and arranged in halls like number seventeen, but does not descend so abruptly into 
the ground. 

"Tomb number six is highly interesting, though not so well preserved as the two above ni>.n- 
tioned ; still the subjects, which are of a widely different character, are even fresher, but not painied 
with the taste and skill of the former. On the right of the entrance passage is a section of the 
wall devoted to the illustration of generation and gestation, which prove the ancient Egyptians to 
have been far behind the moderns in human anatomy. On the wall behind the sarcophagus the 
youthful Adonis is depicted seated on a globe, and according to Sir Gardiner, who is learned in 
Egyptology, it is thought to refer to the theory that dissolution is followed by reproduction 
into life. 

"Tomb number two was open during the time of the Greeks in Egypt, and numerous are the 
inscriptions on the walls of eminent Greek and Roman visitors. Of all which are open, this tomb 
is the most elegant. It descends on an incline of five feet in fifty ; you may ride two horses 
abreast to the furthest end of the tomb safely at a hand gallop. A most beautiful sarcophagus of 



Hitmanity : Its Fottntain and Stream. 75 

red granite is found at the end of the tomb, a little frayed on one side by the rapacious hands of 
souvenir gatherers. This tomb is the great resort for those who wish to lunch after visiting the 
four best specimens of kings' sepulchres, as these are all that the unlearned in antiquity care to visit. 

"'By the life of Pharaoh,' I repeat, those ancient Egyptians were giants. Continual visits 
during a Nile voyage into their tombs and temples stamps a clearer idea of them on the mind than 
all the books that could be read, and they inspire respect and respectful admiration for them, not- 
withstanding the terrible aspect of frowning colossi, or the dread look of Pharaoh while smiting 
his captives. 

"Catacombs. — From these royal abodes of death — this Tophet of a valley — travellers generally 
hasten to visit the catacombs of Assaseef. Sir Gardiner praises one of them most enthusiastically, . 
because it was eight hundred and sixty-two feet long, when he wrote his book, and had many 
chambers and great halls ; but since that time the Arab miners have destroyed the finest portions 
of it, so that it is actually not worth visiting ; besides, the mephitic odor issuing out in strong, 
deathly currents would kill the keenest of interests. Neither are the tombs of Abdel Koorneh 
interesting. One feels inclined to laugh at Sir Gardiner for his zeal. The paintings alone at num- 
ber thirty-five will repay a visit. 

"The small temples of Dayr el Bahree and Dayr el Medeeneh are very interesting, and well 
worth the trouble of a visit to them, but I have no space to describe them, other portions of Thebes 
more important deserve attention. 

"The Ramesium or Memnonium lies directly below the grottoes of Koorneh. Though in a 
most ruinous state, with but the portico and propylae standing, the Ramesium is a favorite with all 
visitors. All admire the bell formed of lotus-flower capitals, as well as the columns of the portico, 
because they do not present that heaviness which the crowded state of others naturally had ; and 
they are finer sculptured, besides being in better proportion to the size of the portico. From a 
distance the Ramesium looks as imposing as any in Egypt. One reason for this is that its ruins, 
its portico, its propylae, are much higher than the red mounds of debris which always are found in 
the vicinity of Egyptian temples. The real grandeur and charms of the temple ruins of Egypt are 
obscured by these mounds, which, in very many instances, such as before Dendera and Abydos, 
rise higher than the ruins themselves. For a parallel case, imagine the national capitol at Wash- 
ington surrounded by refuse heaps rising to a level with the summit of the dome ; where would 
the grandeur and the beauty of it be 1 Do men light a candle and put it under a bushel ? For 
the reason, then, that the Ramesium is more freed from obstructing dust hills and mud huts, and 
what is left of it is seen to good advantage from afar, it is that travellers as soon as they descr)- its 
ruins yearn to view them closer. 

"This temple palace was six hundred feet in length from portico to circut wall, by one hun- 
dred and eighty feet in breadth, but the greater part of it is in too ruinous a state to enter into 
details. 

"Before the portico lie the ruins of the largest statue in Egypt, of eight hundred and eighty- 
seven tons in weight, so says Sir Gardiner. It is a monster statue of sienite granite polished as 
smooth as a mirror. The iconoclastic hands of the Arabs have been laid upon this also, for they 
have constructed millstones from the face, so that this hero of a statue was not even respected 
when low. Iron-hearted Cambyses smote it at the legs and levelled 'it from its pedestal to the dust, 
but pagan Arabs with chisel and hammer defaced it. 

"The Colossi. — From the Ramesium to the colossi of Memnon is but a step. Now you stand 



76 Humanity: Its Fountain and Stream. 

in the shadow of the famous colossus, and repeat to yourself the sweet tradition which fable has 
woven about it. There are two colossi seated on thrones about fifteen paces apart, looking east- 
ward, but there is only one vocal Memnon, which is the northernmost or the one nearest to the 
Ramesium. The story goes that, every morning at sunrise, a sound issued from it similar to the 
breaking of a harp-string. Strabo, whose curiosity must have prompted him to rise early to satisfy 
it, says that he heard a sound, but whether it proceeded from the statue or from some one in the 
crowd — for there were curious people in Thebes itself — he was not certain. But there were not 
wanting those who affirmed stoutly that the sound emanated from Memnon when the sun touched 
its lips. Every morning Memnon sung, *0h, sweet story ; oh, romantic fable.' It prompts you 
to look kindly at Memnon, wishful that it were true. What a charm is there in a well-devised 
story ! Sir Walter Scott has restored knight errantry from the obloquy into which the satiric pen 
of Cervantes had cast it. Washington Irving has made all English readers love the simple ' Rip 
Van Winkle,' but here fable, with a simple story of two or three words, makes you reverence a 
stone, while its mate, much better preserved, is disregarded. The lips, eyes, and the points of 
Memnon's feet have been destroyed. Its entire body was also broken in pieces by that mad Cam- 
byses who has been the bane of Egypt, but Severus restored it with huge blocks of sandstone 
chiselled in the form of the deity we see to-day. 

" To climb to the lap of Memnon is a labor even to active young men ; but what young student 
would not do it, so that he could say he had sat in great Memnon's lap ! When a traveller visits 
Versailles or the Trianon, he must sit in the chair of Napoleon or Josephine. When he visits the 
royal palace at Madrid, he must needs throw himself into the chair of Philip IV. and test the 
luxury of Isabella's couch. How much greater is the honor of having sat in the lap of Memnon, 
the dutiful son of the morning I" 



All that now remains of this great empire are the 
wonderful ruins above described, and a mixed and scanty 
population consisting of twenty thousand Turks, who 
occupy all the prominent positions ; one hundred and 
fifty thousand Copts, who claim to be the descendants 
of St. Mark ; two million Asiatics ; two hundred thou- 
sand Bedouins, the descendants of Ishmael ; and a few 
French and Jews, who are the money changers of the 
country. 

But to return to its former history. The new mon- 
archy commenced with Amos of the eighteenth dynasty ; 
and it was under Tuthmosis III., sixth Pharaoh of this 
dynasty, that the Hyksos were driven from the frontiers, 
and the Israelites sorely oppressed. The Hyksos were 



HUMAl^ITY, ITS FOrNTAIN AND STREASI. pj.ATE \i 




Prof. JEd. W. BUjdetif 

or LIBERIA COLLEGE, MONBOTIA, AFRICA. -This eminent man Is 0« 
pnre African blood, and was bom August 3d, 1332, In St Ttaomae, one of 
tbe Danish West India iBlande. He came to New York In i860 with Mrs. 
Knox, wife of Eev. John P. Knox, where he accepted the offer of the New 
TorX Colonization Society to ftimlsh a passage to Liberia. Arriving there, 
he entered the Alexander Elgh School. In 1868 he had sole charge of that 
Institute, when In 1865 he was elected Professor of Languages In the 
Liberia College, delivering the opening Inaugural Address, and now, 1870 
ape&kg and wrltea 1> different dialects. 





Africa. 

ABBaS GREGOKItTS.— a. native of Abyesinia, and a 
descendant of the ancient Ethiopian stock. He was a great 
Lingalst, especially in Ethiopian dialects, and it was by him 
the great German scholar Ludolph was instmcted In the 
langoagee and history of Africa. 




Aft 



rtca, 

NATIVE OF SOODAN, or Land op the Blacks. Woolly- 
haired type of Central Africa. — They roam over a vast r«eioii 
of coantry, with limits nndafined. 



Africa. 



NBGKO MAN, Native of the great Desert of Sahara.— From 
time Immemorial, this part of Africa has been the home of 
the woolly-haired race. It was here, Mongo Park and Capt. 
Carpenter lost their lives. Their IdJag has such a vast num- 
ber of wlfes, that he boasts that, linked hand In hand, they 
would reach from one end of his kingdom to the other. 




Africa. * 

MALE NATIVE OF HOWSSA, Interior of Africa.— Jack- 
son, Dedham, and CIapj>erton, celebrated travellers In that 
part of the country, speak higlUy of the people as being acute 
and industrions. 




Toussaint I/Ouverture. 

Born In St. Domfnffo of African slave parents. May 20th, 1743, be 
beaded the revolt in that iftlund in 1791. and wan bO vean old before be 
commenced military life. B}* courHj::^ and geDpral^Kip in tbe field In 
manj bard-fought battles he, at tbe betid of tbe black race, becnma 
master of tbe island, subdaini; the Spaniards, French, Kitglisb, and 
Mulatto pop. In 1301, Napoleon t-eut a Heet an<l 35,0liU troopi under 
commaad of Cren. Le i'lere to reduce the inland again to 6laver>' under 
French rule. By tbe treachery of tbe French officerR he was captured 
Jaly &th, 18U2, and sent a prisoner to France, wbere^ in a dungeon cell 
in Caatle Joax in the Jura mooBtainH, by order of Napoleon, he was 
starved to death by the keeper. August 27th, 18U3. 



Humanity : Its Fountain and Stream. 7 7 

white. They conquered, ruled, and almost destroyed 
Egypt during the fourteenth, fifteenth, sixteenth, and 
seventeenth dynasties of the second monarchy, and are 
known in Egyptian history as the '* Shepherd Kings." 
The last monarchy ended with Nectanebus, 339 b. c. 

We have previously shown that not only Hiero- 
glyphical, but alphabetical writing has been traced to the 
red race of Egypt. So also the domestication of animals, 
invention of the arch, and manufacture of brick. We 
have shown that nearly all the mechanical trades were 
represented on the earliest monuments. Are there yet 
more blessings that the mother of civilization conferred 
upon the human race ? Yes ; the discovery of astrono- 
my. The first recorded observatory must have been on 
the tomb of Semempses, the fifth Pharaoh of the first 
dynasty of the old monarchy, about 3700 years b. c. 
It had in it twenty thousand volumes, many of them the 
writings of Thoth Hermes. It contained a golden circle 
of two hundred feet in diameter ; some have contended 
that the temple of Belus in Babylon contained the oldest 
table. But the matter is set at rest by Diodorus, i. 28. 
He says, " It is indeed supposed that the Chaldeans of 
Babylon, being an Egyptian colony, arrived at their 
celebrity in astronomy in consequence of what they de- 
rived from the priests of Egypt. The Babylonish method 
of dividing the year was the same as the Egyptian, and 
can be traced back to the Nile. Bailly maintains that 
astronomy was cultivated in Persia 3209, in India 2952, 
in Chaldea 2800 b. c. There is evidence the Hindoos 
determined the mean motions of Saturn and yupiter 
2952 B. c. It is true, when Alexander took Babylon, 
330 B. c, Calisthenes found the Chaldean astronomers 



78 Httmanity : Its Fountain and Stream. 

had made observations extending back nineteen hundred 
and three years. But we have shown that it existed in 
Egypt 3700 years b. c, or about seven hundred and fifty 
years before any record of it is found in either Persia, 
Chaldea, or India. Naerasch, an Egyptian priest, is 
believed to be the discoverer, as he was the first to repre- 
sent the Zodiac by twelve signs. (See Book of Astrol- 
ogy by Raphael, page 21, London, 1828.) In fact, no 
other people, except the Egyptians, would be likely to 
confer a sign on water, such as Aquarius ; and it is rea- 
sonable to suppose that it would be made to accord with 
the flood, or fall of the Nile. And then, the other names, 
Ram, Bull, Twins, Crab, Lion, Virgin, Balance, Scor- 
pion, Archer, Goat, Fishes, are all more applicable to 
Egypt than any other country. The Zodiac is a great 
circle, extending quite round the heavens, nearly sixteen 
degrees broad, so as to take in the different orbits of the 
planets, as well as the earth's satellite, the moon. In the 
middle of this circle is the ecliptic, or the path of the sun. 
2d. All that region of the heavens which is on the north 
side of the zodiac, containing twenty-one constellations. 
And 3d. The whole region on the south side, which 
contains fifteen constellations. That the Chinese, the 
Chaldeans, and Hindoos, became almost perfect in as- 
tronomy, is true ; but, like the boy the giant lifted on his 
shoulders, they saw further and no thanks. Like Archi- 
medes and Apollonius, who followed Euclid, they only 
perfected what had been founded. Yes, the Egyptians 
discovered astronomy, and understood perfectly the geo- 
graphy of the heavens. They understood the cycle of 
the sun and moon ; the former is the twenty-eight years 
before the days of the week return to the same days of 



HUMANITY, ITS FOriffTAIN AND STREAM, pi v 11, xn 




NATIVE OF MOZAMBIQUE, East Ajtbica.— TM* tribe 
w«i the first One called Eafibb by Enrop€«np, who learned 
the epithet from Mohammedan navigators of the Indian 
Ocean. Capt. Owen remarks, the farther from the coast, the 
more the natives improve in appearance. Ivory la the chief 
export of their country. About 250,000 pounds are sent an- 
nnaUy to India. 




JAN TZATZOB, Kafir of Amakosa tribe, Eaetem Africa, 
and a Milltaiy man of some note among his own people. — 
Some of the Kafir tribe have the proiainent noee of the Euro- 
peans and high cheekbones of the Hottentote. They are 
generally tall and strong, and number in all ab. 359,000 soula. 





rtca. 

NATIVE OF ANGOLA.— The AngoU's, Kongo's, and Loaneo's, 
which resemble each other, are now united under the sovereiffuty of tha 
Manikongo, extending over the region on the western coast to a distance 
of 3U0 leagues in length by the sea side, and 200 in breadth, and cun- 
taina a great portion of the high mountain 1 ind of SouthwesSem Africa. 



FEMALE NATI\'E OF'aNQOLA, WEST AFRICA.— All 
the specimens of wild animals known in Africa, are found 
here. This country has always been notorious as the great 
centre of the slave market. Throiigti the Portuguese slave 
trado about 36,000 slaves arc anBually curried from this 
country to the different slave marts of the world. 





Africa. 



KOSAH KAFIR, a man of Eastern Africa. Portrait taken by Mr. 
Daniels. — There are several differ«nt tribes of the Kafir race, generally 
a Nomadic people, having considerable herds of cattle, and invariably 
practice the Jewish right of Circumcision— black Jews. Milk ia their 
chief Bopport. This is an inferior type of the Kafir race. 



Stephen A. Benson, 

n President of the Eepnblic of lilberia — Bom of fr»e, pure African 
parentage in Cambridge, Dorchester Co., Md , March 1816, he emigrated 
with his parents to Liberia in ISa. When there but a few months, be 
was captured by the savages in their wars on the colony, but afterwards 
returned. He U a man of liberal education, which lie swured iu Lib«. 
ria Roberta, the Ist president, was elected Oct. 6tb, 1847; Benson was 
the 2d; Daniel B. Warren the 3d; Jaracs S. I'ayar the 4tb, and Edward 
J. Rove now, 1870, the 6th. Roberts and Pavar nsrs about one-half 
wMte. Rove is about ouoeight white, while Benson and Warren were 
both pure-blooded Africana Population of Liberia, civilised ab. 18,««; 
of Africa, about 150,000,000. All Relisions are tolerated In Liberia. 



Hitmanity : Its Fountain and Sircani. 79 

the month ; the moon In nineteen lunar years and seven 
intercalary or nineteen solar years. They divided the 
year first into twelve lunar months, of twenty-eight days ; 
they then substituted solar for lunar months of thirty 
days, or three hundred and sixty days in the year ; and 
subsequently they added five complementary days to the 
twelve solar months, making the civil year three hundred 
and sixty-five days : and this was the only year known to 
Herodotus and Plato. They afterward discovered that 
the sidereal, or the complete revolution of the earth round 
the sun, takes six hours, nine minutes, and nine seconds, 
and a sixth of a second longer than the three hundred 
and sixty -five days. Thus making their system perfect. 

The compass is supposed to have been discovered 
in China. Marco Polo introduced it 1290 b. c, twelve 
years before Gioca of Arnolfi, its supposed inventor. 

The Egyptians discovered Chemistry, and were the 
first to have regular physicians. In this art they arrived 
at great perfection, as there were eye doctors, and others 
for the ear. Midwifery was entirely under the direction 
of women. This doctoring of the different parts of the 
humaq body led to the science of Anatomy, the discovery 
of which has been, we have no doubt, wrongly attributed 
to Erasistratus and Herophilus, as Hermes and Athothes, 
both Egyptian Pharaohs, wrote works on anatomy. 

While men in other regions were tyrannizing over the 
weaker sex, we have incontrovertible evidence that above 
3700 years b. c. there was no Salic law in Egypt, but 
females were admitted to a full participation of all legiti- 
mate privileges with man. And Herodotus asserts that 
the Egyptians were not allowed to take more than one 
wife, and she was buried in the same tomb with her 



8o Httinanity : Its Fountain and Stream. 

husband. The females in Egypt were honored, civil- 
ized, and educated. If the king was without male 
issue, daughters were queens by inheritance. In fact, 
they were as free as our American ladies ; and this 
is an honored distinction between the social system 
of ancient Egypt and the Jews, where the female was 
never placed on an equal social position with the male, 
and it was the same in all other oriental nations, and this 
distinction is a standing proof of their high civilization. 
They guarded strictly the political rights of their women, 
as well as their social virtues. In religion they wor- 
shipped the Creator by deifying his most marked, virtu- 
ous, and powerful attributes, as developed through crea- 
tion. They approached Amun, who was lord of all the 
gods of Egyptian mythology, and the same as the Greeks 
and Romans called Jove. They approached him through 
their various chosen gods — as the Christian, during the 
early ages, looked up to the Saviour through the Cross. 
No person in his rational mind can believe that people 
so enlightened as the Egyptians worshipped absolutely 
the creatures. No, never. They believed that Knum, 
the creative power, moulded the mortal part of Osiris, 
the father of men, out of a lump of clay ; the clay is 
placed in the potter's wheel, which he turns with his foot, 
while he fashions it with his hands.'" This figure is of 
great antiquity, and was taken from the Mystic Chamber 
of the Temple of Philae, first Cataract. Amur Neph 
represents the creative power, that is, the Spirit of God, 
the Breath of life. Joshua, liv. 8 : " But now, O Lord, 
thou art our potter, and we are all the work of Thy hand." 
This bears a strong^ resemblance to a common tradition. 

* See engraving, next page. 



Humanity : Its Foiuitain and Stream. 



81 



Knum, the Creative Power, Moulding the Mortal Part of Osiris, the Father of Men. 




TRANSLATION. 

" 'Knum, the Creator, on his wheel 
moulds the divine members of Osiris (the 
type of man) in the shining house of 
life' — that is, in the solar disc." 



"The god Amun-Kneph, turning a 
potter's wheel, moulding the mortal part 
of Osiris, the Father of men, out of a 
lump of clay. The clay is placed on 
the potter's wheel, which he turns with 
his foot, while he fashions it with his 
hands. It is a subject from the mystic 
chamber of the Temple of Philae — ist 
Cataract. 

"Amun-Kneph, or Neph, Kneph, 
Chnouphis, Noub — represents the ' crea- 
tive power of Amun' — that is, ' the spirit 
of God' — the breath of life poured into 
our nostrils." 



This figure, with the illustrations on the following 
page, is a standing proof that the ancient Egyptians, long 
before Abraham's day, worshipped the true God. 

On the Temple of Sais, in Thebes, was inscribed, 
concerning the true God, this eternal truth : 

•' All that hath been, I am ; is, and shall be; and 7ny 
covering hath no one yet removed: my offspring is the 



sun. 



u 



82 



Humanity : Its Fountain and Stream. 



rrx^k^ 



"He moulds man; in Hebrew, Adam, the 
first man, meaning both man and red earlh, or 
clay. Now consult Isaiah, Ixiv. 8 : ' But now, O 
Lord, thou art our Father: We are the c/ay (in 
Hebrew Adme, red earth), and thou our poller ; 
and we are all the work of Ihy hand. ' " 




thy soul 
attain (come) 



Khnum (one of the forms of Amon, the creator) 



the creator (the idea denoted by a man building the walls of a city) 



of all 



^^^^ ^1 Mankind (literally men and women'), 

1 1 1 



'"May thy soul attain to Khnum, the Creator of all mankind." 

"This alone is a proof of the primitive Egyptian creed of one God, the Creator (whose divine 
attributes were classed in triads), of man's possession of a soul, and of its immortality ; of a resur- 
rection, and of the hope of such. 

"Let it stand, for the present, as an insight into the pristine purity of Egyptian belief, in ages 
prior to Abraham's visit ; and let the constant expression of ' beloved of a god,' ' loving the gods,' 
like the Hebrew, 'dilectus a Domine suo, Samuel' (in the Vulgate), 'beloved of his Lord, Sam- 
uel,' attest the primeval piety of the Nilotic family over all contemporary nations, whom we are 
pleased to condemn as Pagans. 



Httmanity : Its Fountain and Stream. 83 

Abraham went into Egypt, and brought out with 
him an Egyptian woman whom he called Hagar. This 
woman bore him a son, and they called his name Ish- 
mael ; after this his other or first wife Sarah bore him a 
son also, and they called his name Isaac. Now it is said 
that God gave Abraham the covenant of circumcision, 
through which he was to preserve in all coming ages a 
separate and distinct people. Almost every person be- 
lieves this sacred Jewish rite originated with Abraham. 
But it is not so. The Egyptians had practised circum- 
cision from time immemorial, thousands of years before 
the Jewish race existed, or Abraham was born. For 
proof of this, see Bishop Russell, Wilkinson, Gliddon, 
Sharpe, Champollion, Rossellini, Lepsius, and a host of 
others. And Acosta, and Lopez de Gomara (among 
the earliest writers of aboriginal history), and so do Adair 
and Elias Boudinot, assert that the Indians of North 
America did the same. . (Mariano Edward Rivero, 
Peruvian Antiquities, p. 9.) 

Then we come to one of the cardinal doctrines of the 
Christian church : I mean the Resurrection from the 
dead and general judgment after death. Paul bases the 
whole doctrine of the Christian church on the Resurrec- 
tion of Christ from the dead : "If the dead rise not, ye are 
yet in your sins, and our preaching is vain, and your faith 
is also vain." 

The doctrine of the Resurrection was taught in Egypt 
twenty-five hundred years before the Saviour was born. 
On page 130 of " Wilkinson's Egypt," that highly gifted 
author remarks : " The Last Judgment is one of the 
principal subjects in the Egyptian tombs." 



84 



Humanity : Its Fountain and Stream. 




Htcma7iity : Its Fotmtam and Streain. 85 

Judging the Dead. — Description of the same, with 
names of actors in the scene, as painted in the early- 
Egyptian tombs. 

I. The forty-two Assessors — Judging after death and before burial. 

"The relatives of the deceased announce to the judges, and to all the connections of the 
family, the time appointed for the ceremony, which includes the passage of the defunct over the 
lake or canal of the Nome to which he belonged. Two-and-forty judges are then collected, and 
arranged on a semicircular bench (only twenty-six of the Assessors can be seen on the engraving), 
which is situated on the bank of the canal ; the boat is prepared, and the pilot, who is called 
by the Egj'ptians Charon, is ready to perform his office ; whence it is said that Orpheus borrowed 
the mythological character of this personage. But before the coffin is put into the boat, the law 
permits any one who chooses to bring forward accusations against the dead person ; and if it is 
proved that his life was criminal, the funeral honors are prohibited ; while, on the other hand, if 
the charges are not substantiated, the accuser is subjected to a severe punishment. If there are 
no insinuations against the deceased, or if they have been satisfactorily repelled, the relations cease 
to give any further expression to their grief, and proceed to pronounce suitable encomiums on his 
good principles and humane actions ; asserting, that he is about to pass a happy eternity with the 
pious in the region of Hades. The body is then deposited with becoming solemnity in the cata- 
comb prepared for it. " * 

Judging the secret actions of the soul, good and bad, after the assessors had given the verdict. 

2. Harpocrates. 

3. OsiRis, Judge of the Dead. 

4. Four Genii of Armenti, standing on a lotus leaf. 

5. Horus introduces the deceased to Osiris, the Judge. 

6. The deceased, who is in the act of being judged. 

7. Thoth, presiding over and making a record of the weights. 

8. Anubis, presiding over and managing the balance in the scale of Justice. 

9. Cerberus, watching the gates of Hades. 

10. Horus conducting the deceased to have his actions weighed in the balance. 

II. The Deceased. 

12. Wife or sister of deceased, who accompanies him to where the scale of justice i& 

Horus conducts the deceased, who sometimes is ac- 
companied by his sister or wife, to the region of Armenti. 

Cerberus is present as guardian of the gates near the 
place where the scale of Justice is erected. 

Anubis, the director of the weight ; having placed a 
vase representing the good actions of the deceased in one 

* Diodonu Sicul. Hltt., lib. i., cap. 9a. 



86 Hu7nanity : Its Fountain and Strea?n. 

scale and the emblem of truth in the other. This reminds 
us of the interpretation by Daniel of the handwriting on 
the Babylonian palace, Thou art weighed in the balance 
and found wanting — proceeds to ascertain the claims for 
admission. 

Thoth inscribes an account of them on his tablet, 
which Horus, son of Osiris, presents to his father and 
judge. 

Four Genii of Armenti stand on a lotus flower. Be- 
hind the judge stands Harpocrates, type of youth and 
new life, showing that he must be born again to enter 
into eternal bliss. Sometimes Osiris is attended by Isis 
and Nepttys. 

Above sit the forty-two assessors, in two lines, the 
complete number mentioned by Diodorus, who had assisted 
in judging the dead. They are supposed to represent the 
forty-two crimes from which a virtuous man was expected 
to be free when judged in a future state. These are dis- 
tinct from the thirty-six demons, mentioned by Origen : 
these presided over the human body, which was divided 
into the same number of parts, each appointed to one of 
them, and they were often invoked to have the infirmities 
of the peculiar member immediately under their protec- 
tion. But they may perhaps have some reference or call 
to mind the four-and-twenty elders mentioned in the 
fourth chapter and fourth verse and nineteenth chapter and 
fourth verse of Revelation, as the four Genii of Armenti 
appear to have some analogy to the four beasts who were 
present with them before the judgment-seat. 

Harpocrates and Horus were both sons of Isis. But 
Harpocrates was born to Osiris by Isis after his death, 
and therefore is distinct from Horus. Harpocrates is 



Humanity: Its Fountain and Stream, 87 

sometimes seen with his finger in his mouth, denoting 
youth, mostly in a sitting posture, but sometimes he 
stands erect, as in the figure. 

Osiris, the judge of the dead, pronounces the sentence 
after Horus presents the findings of Thoth, admitting the 
virtuous in his presence, in the mansion of the blessed. 
There before the entrance sits Harpocrates, the type of 
youth and new life ; also a hideous monster, the proto- 
type of Cerberus, sometimes called the '' devourer of the 
wicked." He guards the gates of Hades. The killing 
of the great serpent, the emblem of sin, the binding of the 
wicked, and their punishment in fire. These paintings 
were made in the tombs of Egypt over two thousand 
years before the birth of the Saviour. These almighty 
truths in the beginning were known only to God, who 
always appeared to be greatly interested in Egypt. It 
was there he first made himself known to the Israelites, 
and at the first did visit the Gentiles to take out of them 
a people for his name. Abraham, on his visit into 
Egypt, was so fascinated with the modesty and beauty 
of the women, that he took one for a wife. 

And it was not only in Egypt that Judgment and 
Immortality was taught. To Pedro Jose de Arriaga, a 
Jesuit, who spent over a year, from February 161 7 to 
July 1 61 8, among the idolatrous Peruvians, we are in- 
debted for the most reliable history of that ancient peo- 
ple. He says, " Faith in the immortality of the soul was 
the fundamental idea among all Peruvian nations. They 
also believed their god Pachacamac, and in some prov- 
inces Con, acted as judge of mankind." (Peruvian An- 
tiquities, page 151.) 

It was to Egypt he directed Joseph and Mary to flee 



88 Humanity : Its Fountain and Stream. 

for safety with the young child Jesus when Herod was 
planning his death. Yes, the fame of Egypt was known 
and honored throughout the earth.* Men hailing from 
that country were looked upon as the most favored of 
mankind. Moses was not the only one who profited by 
the wisdom of Egypt ; the early Grecian philosophers 
returning from that country were doubly reverenced, but 
the Jews were so blinded through greed for the things 
of this life that they failed to comprehend a future, so 
frequently foreshadowed by their prophets. 

Independent of the Jews, all the pagan world had a 
common tradition of the Creation, the Flood, and the 
promise that the seed of the woman should bruise the 
serpent's head, or that death itself should die. We might 
give quotations from Greek and Roman poets showing that 
long before Christ was born, the pagan world was in ex- 
pectation of the advent of some great personage. Yes, this 
blessed doctrine of the Resurrection crossed the Jewish 
dispensation, arriving at the border scarred with Egyp- 
tian idolatry, yet the Saviour did not reject it. No 
prophets then lived to endorse it, as the day of Jewish 
inspiration had closed with the Book of Malachi, written 
four hundred years before. But around the dying embers 
of the materialistic Jewish rites, Jesus proclaimed the 
heavenly doctrine. And on Calvary, amidst darkness 
and earthquakes, stamped it with immortality and sealed 
it with his blood. 

Resurrection Flower — found in the tombs of 
Egyptian kings, typical of their resurrection from the 
dead. 

We give on next page a letter from Mr. George W. 

* Euclid, Plato, and Homer, made it their home. 



Humanity : Its Fountain and Stream. 



89 



Huffnagle to the author. Mr. Huffnagle's brother spent 
about thirty years In India, as Consul-General of the 
United States. Being a man of learning, and withal an 
antiquarian, he collected and sent home many rare and 
valuable curiosities ; among them was this Rose, which 
he procured in Egypt while on an exploring expedition 
among the Egyptian tombs. Something similar has been 
found in California. A writer in a California paper re- 
marks : " On the rocks of high mountains, where rain 
seldom falls, grows the rose ' Everlasting.' It blooms 
only once a year, has leaves at no other time ; it can be 
placed in a box and kept for years, when, if placed in a 
bowl of water for twenty-four hours, it will bloom. Put 
back in the box, it will remain unchanged during other 
years." 



' ' Deacon Dye — Dear Sir : A lady placed 
on exhibiiion at the Pennsylvania Horticul- 
tural Society at Philadelphia, an Anaslalica or 
Hirrochantis, or Resurrection flower. This 
plant is from Palestine, and is called by the 
natives Kaf Maryam or Mary's Hand. 

"Bayard Taylor, in his travels through that 
land, terms it the Rose 0/ Jericho. In its usual 
state, it is a dry, withered looking bunch of 
twigs, about the size of an average walnut, 
but when placed in water, it expands to about 
five inches in diameter. 

" Very few specimens of this are known. 

"Baron Humboldt, and Professor Wood, 
the celebrated botanist of New York, each 
possessed one. They were taken from the 
Egyptian Mummies, and though shut out from 
all life for three thousand years, they bloomed 
when placed in water. 

"There is a peculiar propriety in the same 
land that witnessed the Resurrection of our Lord and Saviour, giving us the flower that seems to 
be immortal. 




Springdalx, New Hope, Bucks Co., Pa., Sept. 25, 1868." 

12 



" Yours respectfully, 

"Geo. W. Huffnagle. 



90 Humanity : ' Its Fountain and Stream. 

Important letter from Prof. Charles Bryant, who 
was sent to Alaska by the United States government to 
examine into the condition of the Indians in that territory. 
He also furnished the author two valuable portraits, to be 
found in the body of the book. 

Fairhaven, December nth, 1869. 

' To J. S. Dye, Esq. — Sir : I have the pleasure of sending you the following account of 
the natives inhabiting the northwest shores of New Holland. 

"While lying at anchor among the Rosemary Islands, a cluster of low sand-banks off the 
coast of New Holland, for the purpose of taking humpback whales, a group of these miserable 
beings were wandering about these low sandy islands. There were three of them — one a male, 
about five feet three or four inches, and two females, about four feet six inches in height. They 
were so besmeared all over with what looked like yellow ochre, that it was difficult to clearly 
define their natural color, which appeared a sooty black. Their bodies had an emaciated appear- 
ance, their limbs being imperfectly developed, and little larger at the junction of the body than 
the ankles and wrists. They were very pot-bellied ; they had a scant growth of coarse curly hair 
on the head ; the male a few straggling hairs on the chin, and had the hair on his head tied in a 
knot with a pointed stick three-eighths of an inch in diameter and six or seven inches long. They 
wore no clothing, seemed to have no language, uttering short, shrill sounds, not unlike the yelp- 
ing of a dog. One of the ship's crew spent some time trying to teach one of them to utter 
articulate sounds in vain. They had a dry log of the Pendenis tree, five or six feet long, and six ' 
or eight inches in diameter, slightly narrowed in the middle, astride of which they sat in the water 
and paddled themselves with their hands from one island to another, the tide often carrying them 
some distance from land. When met by the boats, they would invariably beg for water by yelp- 
ing out, throwing their heads back, making signs of dropping sea-water in their open mouths. 
They would drink large quantities, and we soon learned to give no more than for one at a time, 
for if a full bucket were given for all three, the first one that got it swallowed all the contents. 
When we first arrived at the islands, they were subsisting oh green turtle, which they caught by 
wading on the shallow reefs, and killing them with the stick the male carried in his hair, by 
thrusting it through the eyes into the brain. When dead, the body was broken with stones, and 
the flesh devoured raw. After whales had been taken and their carcasses drifted on shore, they 
remained near them when hungry, tore off the putrid lean flesh with their teeth like dogs, eating 
until gorged ; then rolling themselves in the sand, dozed and slept nearly all the time. One thing 
puzzled me much : the sharks were so plenty that, in fishing, it was hardly possible to get a whole 
one out of the water for them, yet these natives paddled among them without injury. 

"Sitka. — The Indians occupying the eastern portion of the territory of Alaska, appear to be 
descendants of the former occupants of a more southern latitude, having reached their present 
location by migrating up the shore until checked by the coast range of mountains from further 
progress; here they occupy the coast slope and islands, living in tribes for the better obtaining 
of food ; but all claiming a common origin under the name of Kolosh. These Sitkas are living 
on Baranoff Island, where the Russian Fur Company had their principal depot called Sitka, from 
these Indians. They are below the average height of the European race, of a dark sooty color, 



Humanity : Its Fountain and Stream. 9 1 

have ftiU faces, broad backs, and stout shoulders, but somewhat light limbs; live in large wooden 
houses built of timber and boards, exhibiting considerable degree of skill in finishing them. 
Unlike most Indians, the men do all the outdoor labor, while their women lounge round the 
streets of the town. They also manifest much skill in working silver, melting coin, and manu- 
facturing it into jewelry and ornaments for their women — such as ear-rings and bracelets : the latter 
they chase in a manner to compare favorably with more skilful engravers at home. They also 
carve wood, ivory, and stone, in various patterns, and wear them as charms. From the best data 
obtainable, they inherit the knowledge from their ancestors, possessing it at the time of the Peru- 
vian occupation. Their religion, like most savages, is a dark superstition, and manifests itself 
more in efforts to propitiate the agents of evil, than do right and defy them. Both sexes paint 
their faces — red and black being the favorite colors ; the young belles frequently appearing in the 
streets of the town with faces polished and shining like a boot, while the beaux appear with red 
rings around the eyes and mouth. 

"They burn their dead by enclosing them in a pyre of wooden logs ; the female relatives sit 
by and wail, while the old men stand and drum on the ground with long staves, chanting a dron- 
ing, monotonous song, beating time to it. After burning, the ashes are gathered and enclosed 
in a box and placed on stakes, two feet above ground, near the dwelling. The box is sometimes 
ornamented with rude sketches of the human face. 

"The enclosed photograph is of an Aleutian child, about eight years old, born on the island 
of Onalaska ; her parents being poor, she was given by them to a merchant trading there, who 
adopted her and sent her to his mother in Russia : on her way through New York, this photo- 
graph was taken and sent to me by her patron — she having been a pet of mine during my sojourn 
on St. Paul's Island, in Behring Sea. She is a very fair representative of an Aleutian child. 

"The long chain of islands extending from the end of the Alaskan peninsular westward nearly 
to Kamschatka, a distance of nine hundred miles, are inhabited by a branch or family of Asiatic 
origin, calling themselves Al-e-utes. They differ too widely from their neighbors on the main 
land to the west of them, to belong to that branch of the Mongolian family. They are un- 
doubtedly the descendants of Japanese mariners, whose vessels have been wrecked and borne by 
the ocean current to these islands, probably at different times : one such vessel has arrived there 
three years since, and the living sailors, composing her crew, were returned by the Russians. 
They are of smaller stature than the European, and vary from nearly white to olive complexion ; 
very fair ; have the arched brow and almond-shaped eye of the Asiatic, but not the high cheek- 
bones of the pure Mongolian ; are light limbed and active in their movements ; are all Christian- 
ized, being members of the Greek church ; live in villages in well-organized communities ; sup- 
porting their churches and schools, can generally read and write the Russian language, and 
understand the simple rules of arithmetic. There being no wood on these islands, the natives 
build their houses of turf, and thatch with the long grass growing on the island. 

"They dress in European style, and are a very mild, peaceful people, closely following the 
teachings of their church creed and the commandments. Quarrels and theft are unheard of 
among them, and it is impossible for a stranger, to go among them without becoming deeply 
interested in them and their future welfare. They subsist by fishing and hunting the Sea Otter. 

"Yours to command, 

"Charles Bryant." 



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